Publication: Erken dönem Mushaflarında zabt olgusu : Türk ve İslam eserleri müzesi Şam evrakı koleksiyonu örneklemi
Abstract
İlk mushaflardaki yazının, telaffuzu tam olarak yansıtmaması üzerine hicri ilk asrın ikinci yarısından itibaren kitabeti tamamlayıcı alamet ve işaretler geliştirme yönünde bir dizi çalışma yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmaların bir neticesi olarak geliştirilen ve zabt üst kavramıyla ifade edilen bu işaretler, erken dönemlerden itibaren mushaflarda muhtelif düzeylerde uygulamaya konmuştur. Zamanla erken dönem mushaflarında zabt işaretlerinin kullanım şekil ve keyfiyeti etrafında belli bir teorik bilgi oluşmuş ve bu bilgi literatüre taşınmıştır. Ne var ki literatür bilgisinin sınırlı ve yetersiz oluşu, farklı dönemlere ve coğrafyalara ait tam ve nâtamam yazma Kur’an nüshalarını, zabt geleneğinin tarihsel durumunu ve farklı bölgelerdeki gelişimini daha iyi anlamada önemli bir veri haline getirmiştir. Türk ve İslam Eserleri Müzesinde Şam Evrakı Koleksiyonu’nda korunan tarih kayıtlı Kur’an yazmaları örnekleminde erken dönem mushaflarındaki zabt olgusunu incelemeye alan bu araştırmanın hareket noktasını da anılan önem oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmayla Kur’an yazmalarında kendini gösteren uygulama ile zabt kaynaklarında geçen bilgilerin mukayeseli olarak incelenmesi ve bunun üzerinden de erken dönem mushaflarındaki zabt uygulamalarının aydınlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amacın tahakkuku için Şam Evrakı Koleksiyonu’nda yer alan ve şimdiye dek literatürde müstakil bir araştırmaya konu edilmemiş olan hicri III-VI. asır tarihli on Kur’an yazması incelenmiştir. Kapsamlı bir literatür taraması üzerine kurulu olması, örneklem mushaflardaki verilerle kadim kaynaklardaki bilgileri, yanı sıra da yazma mushaflara dair güncel araştırmalardaki bulguları bütüncül bir bakışla değerlendirmeye tabi tutması, bu araştırmanın en belirgin özellikleri olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu incelemeler sonucunda, Şam Evrakı Koleksiyonu’ndaki mushafların Meşrik ve Mağrib zabt ekollerinden hangisine ait oldukları belirlenmiş ve kadim kaynaklarda geçmeyen bölsesel/ kronolojik zabt işaretleme usulleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu araştırma, erken döneme tarihlenen mushaflar üzerinden art zamanlı ve bölge temelli zabt geleneklerini aydınlatma imkânı sunmasıyla alan için özgün katkı barındırmaktadır.
Beginning from the latter half of the first century of the Hijra, a series of efforts were made to develop supplementary marks and signs to complete the writing, as the script in the earliest masāḥif did not fully reflect pronunciation. Developed as an outcome of these studies and denoted by the overarching concept of ḍabt (the diacritical marks), these marks have been implemented at various levels in the masāḥif from early periods. However, the knowledge of the literature on early period diacritical marks is scarce and insufficient in reflecting regional ḍabt traditions. Given the inadequacies in the current resources on early period ḍabt traditions, examining Qur’anic manuscripts from different periods and regions is critically important for better understanding the historical and regional development of the ḍabt tradition and filling the gaps in this field. This thesis addresses the diacritical marks and vocalization system in early Qur’anic manuscripts, focusing on samples from the Damascus Documents Collection in the Museum of Turkish and Islamıc Arts. This research aims to comparatively examine the practices observed in the Qur’anic manuscripts within the Damascus Documents Collection against the information found in ḍabt sources, to shed light on ḍabt practices in early Qur’anic manuscripts. To achieve this aim, ten Qur’anic manuscripts from the Damascus Documents Collection, dating back to the 3rd-6th centuries AH and not previously studied separately, have been examined. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this study differs from other studies by holistically evaluating the data from the manuscripts that comprise the thesis sample, along with ancient sources and findings from recent research on Qur’an manuscripts. In the thesis, it has been determined which of the Mashriq and Maghrib dabt schools the manuscripts in the Damascus Documents Collection belong to, and regional/ chronological ḍabt marking methods not mentioned in ancient sources have been uncovered. Additionally, in this research, the possibility of illuminating both the chronological and regional ḍabt traditions through early-period Qur’anic manuscripts has been demonstrated.
Beginning from the latter half of the first century of the Hijra, a series of efforts were made to develop supplementary marks and signs to complete the writing, as the script in the earliest masāḥif did not fully reflect pronunciation. Developed as an outcome of these studies and denoted by the overarching concept of ḍabt (the diacritical marks), these marks have been implemented at various levels in the masāḥif from early periods. However, the knowledge of the literature on early period diacritical marks is scarce and insufficient in reflecting regional ḍabt traditions. Given the inadequacies in the current resources on early period ḍabt traditions, examining Qur’anic manuscripts from different periods and regions is critically important for better understanding the historical and regional development of the ḍabt tradition and filling the gaps in this field. This thesis addresses the diacritical marks and vocalization system in early Qur’anic manuscripts, focusing on samples from the Damascus Documents Collection in the Museum of Turkish and Islamıc Arts. This research aims to comparatively examine the practices observed in the Qur’anic manuscripts within the Damascus Documents Collection against the information found in ḍabt sources, to shed light on ḍabt practices in early Qur’anic manuscripts. To achieve this aim, ten Qur’anic manuscripts from the Damascus Documents Collection, dating back to the 3rd-6th centuries AH and not previously studied separately, have been examined. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this study differs from other studies by holistically evaluating the data from the manuscripts that comprise the thesis sample, along with ancient sources and findings from recent research on Qur’an manuscripts. In the thesis, it has been determined which of the Mashriq and Maghrib dabt schools the manuscripts in the Damascus Documents Collection belong to, and regional/ chronological ḍabt marking methods not mentioned in ancient sources have been uncovered. Additionally, in this research, the possibility of illuminating both the chronological and regional ḍabt traditions through early-period Qur’anic manuscripts has been demonstrated.
Description
Keywords
Ḍabt, Damascus Documents Collection, Diacritical Marks, Harekeleme, Hermeneutics, İ‘câm/ İ‘râb Noktalaması, Kur’an-ı Kerim, Maghrib, Mağrib, Mashriq, Meşrik, Qur’an, Qur’anic Manuscript, Recitation and tajwid, Şam Evrakı Koleksiyonu, Tefsir bilimi, Tilâvet ve tecvid, Vocalization System, Yazma Mushaf, Zabt
