Publication: Uluslararası ilişkilerde dini kimliklerin rolü
Abstract
ÖZETSon kırk yılda, İsrail-Filistin çatışması gittikçe kutuplaşmış dinsel terimlerle ele alındı. 1970'lerin sonlarından itibaren, İran’ın İslam devrimi dünyanın dikkatini İslamcı aktörlere yoğunlaştırdı. Ancak, 11 Eylül 2001’de New York’a ve Pentagon’a yapılan terör saldırıları ve ardından gelen Avrupa kıtasındaki terör saldırıları modern uluslararası ilişkilerde din profilini benzeri görülmemiş bir düzeye çıkardı. Tarih boyunca din ve politika arasındaki temel rekabet ilişkilerine rağmen, her ikisinin ortak kültürel paydalarla birbirine bağlı olması, din ve siyaset ilişkisinin giderek daha da sıkılaşması ve uluslararası siyasette dini söylemin artmasını dikkate alarak bu konuyu tez çalışması için uygun gördük.Tezimiz Giriş, dört bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde çalışmanın önemi, amacı, metodu ve yöntemi hakkında bilgi vererek, son zamanlarda yapılan din araştırmalarıyla ilgili mukayeseli tahlil yapmaya çalıştık. Birinci bölümde Vestfalya Antlaşmasıyla siyasete hakim olan Vestfalya paradigması ve küreselleşme ekseninde dinin yeniden siyaset sahnesine dönüşü kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir. İkinci Bölümde sekülerleşme, modernizm, post-sekülerizm ve de-sekülerleşme süreçleri, bu süreçlerde dini kimlik oluşumu ve küresel düzeyde eğilimleri ele aldık. Üçüncü Bölümde din ve siyaset ilişkisi, dinin çatışma, barış ve uzlaşı süreçlerinde rolü, meşruiyet ve demokrasi ekseninde dindarlık ve siyasileşme olgularını incelemeye çalıştık. Dördüncü Bölümde kurumsal din anlayışı ve ulusötesi dini aktörlerin, devletlerin dış politikası ve küresel siyaset düzeyinde faaliyetleri ve politik etkilerini araştırmaya çalıştık. Sonuç bölümünde elde edilen bulgular genel bir analize tabi tutularak araştırma tamamlanmıştır. İÇİNDEKİLERÖNSÖZiÖZETiiABSTRACTiiiKISALTMALARviiGİRİŞ1I.ÇALIŞMANIN ÖNEMİ VE AMACI3A.Çalışmanın Önemi4B.Çalışmanın Amacı6II.METODOLOJİ VE YÖNTEM7A.Din Çalışmalarında Pozitif Etik Ve İlişkisel Diyalektizm9B.Dış Politika Analizi11C. Dinin Ölçüsü14D.Analiz Düzeyleri15BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: VESTFALYA PARADİGMASI VE KÜRESELLEŞME SARKACINDA DİNİN SİYASETE DÖNÜŞÜ17I.VESTFALYA SİSTEMİ’NDE DİNİN BASKIYA UĞRAMASI17II.VESTFALYA PARADİGMASININ ‘FETİŞLEŞTİRİLMESİ’19III.ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİSİNİN DİNİ KÖKLERİ24IV.POLİTİK TEOLOJİ26V.KÜRESELLEŞME EKSENİNDE DİNİN ULUSLARARASI SİSTEME DÖNÜŞÜ31A.Küreselleşme Olgusu Ve Dinin Bu Olguya Tepkisi31B.Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dinin Küreselleşme Ekseninde Yeniden Canlandırılması34İKİNCİ BÖLÜM: SEKÜLERLEŞME, KİMLİK İNŞASI VE DİN37I. SEKÜLERLEŞME NEDİR?37II. MODERNİZM VE LAİK DİNLER39III. POST-SEKÜLERİZM41IV. ULUSLARARARI SİYASETTE DE-SEKÜLERLEŞME SÖYLEMLERİ47V. DİNİ SÖYLEMİN SÖZDİSİMSEL ANALİZİ50VI. DİNİ KİMLİKLERİ ANLAMAK54VII. DİNİN ETKİSİ BAĞLAMINDA KİMLİK İNŞASI61VIII. DİNİ KİMLİKLERDE KÜRESEL EĞİLİMLER63ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM: DİNİN POLİTİK ARAÇ OLARAK KULLANILMASI66I.DİN-DEVLET KARMAŞASI66II.SİYASİ ARAÇ OLARAK DİN72III.MEŞRUİYET KAYNAĞI OLARAK DİNİ SÖYLEM80A.Meşruiyet Ve Etkili İdarecilik80B.Toplumsal Rasyonel Meşruiyet Ve Toplumsal Kontrol83C. Din, Demokrasi Ve Ahlak İlişkisi85IV.DİN VE ÇATIŞMA YÖNETİMİ90A.Din-Çatışma İlişkisi90B.Dini Fundamentalizm - Köktencilik95C. İnanç Temelli Diplomasi - Din Ve Güç İlişkisi98D.Din ve Uzlaşı104E. Siyasi Çatışmalarda Dini Elitlerin Rolü106DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM: ULUSÖTESİ DİNİ AKTÖRLER VE ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA111I.XX YÜZYILDA ULUSÖTESİ DİNİ AKTÖRLERİN SİYASET SAHNESİNE ÇIKMASI111II.ULUSÖTESİ DİNİ AKTÖRLER VE KÜRESEL SİYASETE ETKİLERİ116A.Ulusötesi Dini Aktörlerin ‘Kimliği’116B.Aktif Ulusötesi Dini Aktörler Ve Ulusötesi Faaliyetleri120C. Ulusötesi Dini Aktörlerin Birleşmiş Milletler’de Örgütlenme Faaliyetleri123III. DİNİ MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE ONTOLOJİK GÜVENCE ARAYIŞI126IV.DÜNYA SİYASETİNDE KURUMSAL DİN FAKTÖRÜ136SONUÇ143KAYNAKÇA147KİTAPLAR147MAKALELER157BİLDİRİLER166RAPORLAR167İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI168
ABSTRACTIn the last four decades, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been addressed in increasingly polarized religious terms. Since the late 1970s, the Islamic revolution in Iran has focused the world's attention on Islamist actors. However, terror attacks in New York and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 and the subsequent terrorist attacks in Europe raised the religious profile to an unprecedented level in modern international relations.Taking into account that religion and politics are connected with common cultural denominators in spite of the fundamental competition relations throughout history, the relationship between religion and politics has been getting tighter and religious discourse in international politics is in increase, we have deemed this subject suitable for the thesis.This thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and the conclusion. In the introduction, we tried to make a comparative analysis of the recent religious studies giving information about the importance, purpose, method and technique of the study. In the first chapter, the Westphalian paradigm dominating the politics after the Treaty of Westphalia and the return of religion to the political scene in the axis of globalization are examined in chronological order. In the second chapter, processes of secularization, modernism, post-secularism and de-secularization, religious identity formation and tendencies at a global level are discussed. In the third chapter, the relationship between religion and politics, the role of religion in conflict, peace and reconciliation processes, religiosity and politicization in the axis of legitimacy and democracy are examined. In the fourth part, institutional religious perspective and transnational religious actors' activities and political effects at the level of foreign policy and global politics of the state are investigated. The obtained results were subjected to a general analysis in conclusion and the research was completed.CONTENTSPREFACEiABSTRACT (TURKISH)iiABSTRACTiiiABBREVIATIONSviiINTRODUCTION1I.IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE OF STUDY3A.Importance of Study4B.Purpose of Study6II.METHODOLOGY 7A.Positive Ethics and Relational Dialectism in Religious Studies9B.Foreign Policy Analysis11C. The Measure of Religion14D.Levels of Analysis15CHAPTER ONE: THE RETURN OF RELIGION TO THE POLITICS IN THE PENDULUM OF WESTPHALIAN PARADIGM AND GLOBALIZATION17I.OPPRESSION ON THE RELIGION IN THE WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM17II.‘FETISHIZATION’ OF WESTPHALIAN PARADIGM19III.RELIGIOUS ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY24IV.POLITICAL THEOLOGY26V.THE RETURN OF RELIGION TO THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM ON THE AXIS OF GLOBALIZATION31A.The phenomenon of globalization and the response of religion to this phenomenon31B.Revitalization of Religion after the Cold War on the Axis of Globalization34CHAPTER TWO: SECULARIZATION, IDENTITY BUILDING AND RELIGION37I. WHAT IS SECULARIZATION?37II. MODERNISM AND SECULAR RELIGIONS39III. POST-SECULARISM41IV. DE-SECULARIZATION DISCOURSES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS47V. SYNTAX ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE50VI. UNDERSTANDING RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES54VII. IDENTITY BUILDING AND THE EFFECT OF RELIGION61VIII. GLOBAL TRENDS IN RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES63CHAPTER THREE: THE USE OF RELIGION AS A POLITICAL TOOL66I.RELIGION-STATE COMPLEXITY66II.RELIGION AS A POLITICAL TOOL72III.RELIGIOUS NARRATIVE AS A SOURCE OF LEGITIMACY80A.Legitimacy and Effective Management80B.Social Rational Legitimacy and Social Control83C. Relation of Religion, Democracy and Morality85IV.RELIGION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT90A.Religion-Conflict Relations90B.Religious Fundamentalism95C. Faith-Based Diplomacy - Relationship Between Religion and Power 98D.Religion and Reconciliation104E. The Role of Religious Elites in Political Conflicts106CHAPTER FOUR: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY111I.THE APPEARANCE OF TRANSNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS ON THE POLITICAL STAGE IN THE XX CENTURY111II.TRANSNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GLOBAL POLITICS116A.The ‘Identity’ of Transnational Religious Actors116B.Active Transnational Religious Actors And Transnational Activities 120C. Organization Activities of Transnational Religious Actors in the United Nations123III. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM AND THE SEARCH FOR ONTOLOGICAL ASSURANCE126IV.INSTITUTIONAL RELIGION FACTOR IN WORLD POLITICS136CONCLUSION143REFERENCES147BOOKS147ARTICLES157PAPERS166REPORTS167INTERNET RESOURCES168
ABSTRACTIn the last four decades, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been addressed in increasingly polarized religious terms. Since the late 1970s, the Islamic revolution in Iran has focused the world's attention on Islamist actors. However, terror attacks in New York and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 and the subsequent terrorist attacks in Europe raised the religious profile to an unprecedented level in modern international relations.Taking into account that religion and politics are connected with common cultural denominators in spite of the fundamental competition relations throughout history, the relationship between religion and politics has been getting tighter and religious discourse in international politics is in increase, we have deemed this subject suitable for the thesis.This thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and the conclusion. In the introduction, we tried to make a comparative analysis of the recent religious studies giving information about the importance, purpose, method and technique of the study. In the first chapter, the Westphalian paradigm dominating the politics after the Treaty of Westphalia and the return of religion to the political scene in the axis of globalization are examined in chronological order. In the second chapter, processes of secularization, modernism, post-secularism and de-secularization, religious identity formation and tendencies at a global level are discussed. In the third chapter, the relationship between religion and politics, the role of religion in conflict, peace and reconciliation processes, religiosity and politicization in the axis of legitimacy and democracy are examined. In the fourth part, institutional religious perspective and transnational religious actors' activities and political effects at the level of foreign policy and global politics of the state are investigated. The obtained results were subjected to a general analysis in conclusion and the research was completed.CONTENTSPREFACEiABSTRACT (TURKISH)iiABSTRACTiiiABBREVIATIONSviiINTRODUCTION1I.IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE OF STUDY3A.Importance of Study4B.Purpose of Study6II.METHODOLOGY 7A.Positive Ethics and Relational Dialectism in Religious Studies9B.Foreign Policy Analysis11C. The Measure of Religion14D.Levels of Analysis15CHAPTER ONE: THE RETURN OF RELIGION TO THE POLITICS IN THE PENDULUM OF WESTPHALIAN PARADIGM AND GLOBALIZATION17I.OPPRESSION ON THE RELIGION IN THE WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM17II.‘FETISHIZATION’ OF WESTPHALIAN PARADIGM19III.RELIGIOUS ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY24IV.POLITICAL THEOLOGY26V.THE RETURN OF RELIGION TO THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM ON THE AXIS OF GLOBALIZATION31A.The phenomenon of globalization and the response of religion to this phenomenon31B.Revitalization of Religion after the Cold War on the Axis of Globalization34CHAPTER TWO: SECULARIZATION, IDENTITY BUILDING AND RELIGION37I. WHAT IS SECULARIZATION?37II. MODERNISM AND SECULAR RELIGIONS39III. POST-SECULARISM41IV. DE-SECULARIZATION DISCOURSES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS47V. SYNTAX ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE50VI. UNDERSTANDING RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES54VII. IDENTITY BUILDING AND THE EFFECT OF RELIGION61VIII. GLOBAL TRENDS IN RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES63CHAPTER THREE: THE USE OF RELIGION AS A POLITICAL TOOL66I.RELIGION-STATE COMPLEXITY66II.RELIGION AS A POLITICAL TOOL72III.RELIGIOUS NARRATIVE AS A SOURCE OF LEGITIMACY80A.Legitimacy and Effective Management80B.Social Rational Legitimacy and Social Control83C. Relation of Religion, Democracy and Morality85IV.RELIGION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT90A.Religion-Conflict Relations90B.Religious Fundamentalism95C. Faith-Based Diplomacy - Relationship Between Religion and Power 98D.Religion and Reconciliation104E. The Role of Religious Elites in Political Conflicts106CHAPTER FOUR: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY111I.THE APPEARANCE OF TRANSNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS ON THE POLITICAL STAGE IN THE XX CENTURY111II.TRANSNATIONAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GLOBAL POLITICS116A.The ‘Identity’ of Transnational Religious Actors116B.Active Transnational Religious Actors And Transnational Activities 120C. Organization Activities of Transnational Religious Actors in the United Nations123III. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM AND THE SEARCH FOR ONTOLOGICAL ASSURANCE126IV.INSTITUTIONAL RELIGION FACTOR IN WORLD POLITICS136CONCLUSION143REFERENCES147BOOKS147ARTICLES157PAPERS166REPORTS167INTERNET RESOURCES168
Description
Keywords
Din, din ve çatışma, din ve siyaset, din ve uzlaşı, dini kimlikler, dini söylem, Religion, religion and conflict, religion and politics, religion and reconciliation, religious discourse, religious identities, Sociology, Sosyoloji, transnational religious activity, transnational religious actors, ulusötesi dini aktörler, ulusötesi dini faaliyet, Vestfalya paradigması, Westphalian paradigm