Publication: Emeviler döneminde yahudiler
Abstract
Milattan önceki asırlarda sürgünlerle dünyanın dört bir yanına (diaspora) dağılan Yahudiler Asur, Babil, Pers, Sasanî ve Bizans devletlerinin hakimiyeti altında yaşadıktan sonra, Hicrî I., Milâdî VI. asırdaki muazzam fetih dalgalarıyla İslam hakimiyetine girdiler. Yahudiler, İslam fetihlerine karşı tavırlarında da görüldüğü üzere, müslümanları bir kurtarıcı olarak kabul ettiler. Önceki idarelerden gördükleri eza ve cefayı müslümanlardan asla görmediler. Emeviler döneminde de bu tablo değişmedi. Vergilerini verdikleri ve herhangi bir isyana teşebbüs etmedikleri müddetçe hayatın her yönünde (dînî, hukûkî, sosyal ve iktisâdî) çok rahat yaşadılar. Hatta Batı (Bizans) ile savaş hali sırasında Yahudiler Doğu-Batı dünyası arasında yegane ekonomik bağ haline geldi. Hicret'in ilk asrındaki fetihler, asırlardır yabancı (gentiles) idare altında yaşayan Yahudilere, İsrail topraklarına dönüş umudu verdi. Bu sebeple, Emeviler döneminde Severus ve Ebû Îsâ el-Isfahânî gibi Yahudiler mesihliğini iddia ederek ortaya çıktılar. Bu dönemde cemaat içi bir çekişme de vukû bulmuştur. Akademi başkanları (gaon) ile devlet nezdindeki resmî temsilci re'sü'l-câlûtlar arasında, cemaat üzerinde nüfuz kurma mücadelesi yaşanmıştır. Çekişmelerin artması üzerine, Emevi idaresi duruma müdahale ederek bu güçler arasındaki görev dağılımında yeni bazı düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Emeviler Dönemi, Yahudilerin İslam toplumuyla bütünleşme dönemidir. Bu dönemdeki faaliyetler daha sonraki dönemler için iyi bir zemin teşkil etmiştir. Ancak bu bütünleşmede İslam'ın
The Jews had been exiled all around the world before B.C. They lived for centuries under the sovereignty of Assyria, Babylon, Persia and Byzantine. After the enourmous Islamic conquests which took place in the 1th century after the Hegira, they became subjects of Islamic state. They welcomed Islamic conquest as a rescuer of them. Since they suffered under Sasanid and Byzantine rule a lot. But, they have never been suffered under new ruel, Islam This picture did not change under the Umayyads as well. They were in tolerance as long as gave their taxes, cizya, harac etc. and they acted whatever they wanted unless they rebelled against the rule. They were by Islamic conquests which took place in the 1th century after the Hegira. These great conquest gave the inspiration for returning to Holy Lands, meanly Kuds (Jerusalem) and Palestine. For this reason, Abu Isa al Isfahani and Severus proclaimed themselves as a Messiah and declared that they had been ordrred to take the Jews to Holy Lands. But all these movements destroyed strickly by the Umayyads. This period is very important from the Jews point of view. There have been severe dispute between Exilarchate (secular leader) and Gaonate ( religious leaders). Both of them wanted to penetrate on the Jewish community. When the dispute intensified, Umayyads interfered and put some new arrangements on the community. In this period Jews tried to be ıntegrated by Islamic community. This process became fruitfull for the Abbasid period. But, It should'nt been forgotten that the Dhimmi's understanding of Islam have
The Jews had been exiled all around the world before B.C. They lived for centuries under the sovereignty of Assyria, Babylon, Persia and Byzantine. After the enourmous Islamic conquests which took place in the 1th century after the Hegira, they became subjects of Islamic state. They welcomed Islamic conquest as a rescuer of them. Since they suffered under Sasanid and Byzantine rule a lot. But, they have never been suffered under new ruel, Islam This picture did not change under the Umayyads as well. They were in tolerance as long as gave their taxes, cizya, harac etc. and they acted whatever they wanted unless they rebelled against the rule. They were by Islamic conquests which took place in the 1th century after the Hegira. These great conquest gave the inspiration for returning to Holy Lands, meanly Kuds (Jerusalem) and Palestine. For this reason, Abu Isa al Isfahani and Severus proclaimed themselves as a Messiah and declared that they had been ordrred to take the Jews to Holy Lands. But all these movements destroyed strickly by the Umayyads. This period is very important from the Jews point of view. There have been severe dispute between Exilarchate (secular leader) and Gaonate ( religious leaders). Both of them wanted to penetrate on the Jewish community. When the dispute intensified, Umayyads interfered and put some new arrangements on the community. In this period Jews tried to be ıntegrated by Islamic community. This process became fruitfull for the Abbasid period. But, It should'nt been forgotten that the Dhimmi's understanding of Islam have