Publication: 1789 Fransız İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi'nde yer alan Ulusal Egemenlik İlkesinin 1921 ve 1924 Türk anayasalarına etkileri
Abstract
Bu çalışmada odak nokta teorik anlamda XVIII. yy. filozoflarının görüşleriyle şekillenen ve 1789 Fransız İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi’ nde düzenlenen ulusal egemenlik anlayışı ve bu anlayışın Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne olan etkisidir. XVI. ve XVII. Yy’ da krala ait mutlak güç olarak görülen egemenlik Fransız Devrimi’yle gelişen siyasal süreçte ulusa ait olarak görülmeye başlanmış ve kralın bünyesinden ayrılmıştır. 1789 Fransız İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi bu anlayışın temelini oluşturan temel insan hakları metnidir. Bildiri liberal anlayış çerçevesinde bireyi ve devleti şekillendirdiğinden egemenlik anlayışı dahil olmak üzere bir bütün oluşturmuş ve kendinden sonraki devlet teorisinin temel bakış açısı haline gelmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı bu siyasal değişimin ivmesini hızlandırmış, savaş sonrasında ulus-devletler tüm dünyada yaygın devlet örgütlenmesi haline gelmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin temel anayasal ilkesi ulusun egemenliğidir. Ulusal egemenlik ilkesi Millî Mücadele döneminden itibaren kabul görmüş, yerel ve ulusal kongrelerde bu yönde kararlar alınmıştır. Amasya Genelgesi ve Misak-ı Milli ise bu anlayış çerçevesinde hazırlanmıştır. İlk kez 1921 Anayasası’yla anayasal ilke olarak kabul edilmiş, 1924 Anayasası’ nda ise aynı anlayış devam etmiştir.
The focus of this study is the national sovereignty that shaped by the views of XVIII. century philosophers and held in 1789 French Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights and the effects of this approach on Republic of Turkey's constitutional system. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the sovereignty, which was seen as the absolute power of the king, started to be seen as belonging to the nation and separated from the king's body in the political process developed with the French Revolution. The 1789 French Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights is the human rights text that forms the basis of this approach. Since the declaration shaped the individual and the state within the framework of the liberal understanding, it formed a whole including the understanding of sovereignty and became the main point of view of the state theory after it. The First World War accelerated the momentum of this political change and after the war nation-states became common state organizations all over the world. Fundamental constitutional principle of the Republic of Turkey is the nation's sovereignty. The principle of national sovereignty has been accepted since the period of the National Struggle and decisions were taken in this direction in local and national congresses. Amasya Circular and Misak-ı Milli were prepared within the framework of this understanding. It was firstly accepted as a constitutional principle with the 1921 Constitution and the same understanding continued in the 1924 Constitution.
The focus of this study is the national sovereignty that shaped by the views of XVIII. century philosophers and held in 1789 French Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights and the effects of this approach on Republic of Turkey's constitutional system. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the sovereignty, which was seen as the absolute power of the king, started to be seen as belonging to the nation and separated from the king's body in the political process developed with the French Revolution. The 1789 French Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights is the human rights text that forms the basis of this approach. Since the declaration shaped the individual and the state within the framework of the liberal understanding, it formed a whole including the understanding of sovereignty and became the main point of view of the state theory after it. The First World War accelerated the momentum of this political change and after the war nation-states became common state organizations all over the world. Fundamental constitutional principle of the Republic of Turkey is the nation's sovereignty. The principle of national sovereignty has been accepted since the period of the National Struggle and decisions were taken in this direction in local and national congresses. Amasya Circular and Misak-ı Milli were prepared within the framework of this understanding. It was firstly accepted as a constitutional principle with the 1921 Constitution and the same understanding continued in the 1924 Constitution.