Publication: İstanbul Kemerburgaz ve Kurtkemeri civarında kesilmiş odun materyalinde gelişen mantar florası üzerine araştırmalar
Abstract
İSTANBUL KEMERBURGAZ VE KURTKEMERİ CİVARINDA KESİLMİŞ ODUN MATERYALİNDE GELİŞEN MANTAR FLORASI ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRMALAR Kurtkemeri ve Kemerburgaz civarında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada kesilmiş odun materyalinde gelişen mantar florası incelenmiştir. Arazi çalışması ile ormandaki devrik ve çürükler, kesilmiş ağaç kütük ve artıkları, orman ve depolarda bulunan istifler üzerinde tespit edilen mantarlar; doğal haliyle ya da stüdyoda mümkün olduğunca filme alınmış veya fotoğraflanmıştır. Bu çalışmada toplam 47 adet mantar tespit edilerek tekniğine uygun olarak toplanmış ve kurutulmuş; fiziksel özellikleri, konukçu bitkileri ve bulundukları zaman gibi genel özellikleri de dikkate alınarak laboratuar ortamında sporları incelenerek teşhis edilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışma ile odun materyaline arız olarak renklenme ve çürüklük yapan mantarların ekonomik kayıplara yol açtığı, bunun yanında bazı mantarların yenilebilir veya değişik amaçlarla kullanılabilir türden olduğu ve tali ürün olarak değerlendirilmek suretiyle ekonomik zararının bir nebze olsun telafi edilebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle Kemerburgaz'da Baltalık olarak işletilen yapraklı ormanlarla, Koru olarak işletilen ibreli-yapraklı karışık ormanların sağlık durumunun bozuk olduğu; Armillaria cinsi mantarlar ve zararlı etkilerinin mevcudiyetinden anlaşılmaktadır.Bu durum orman emvalinin mantarlar tarafından tahrip edilmesinden de önemlidir. Zira bu mantarın görüldüğü karışık ormanlarda özellikle ibreli ağaçların 35-40 yaşlarında aniden öldükleri, bu ölümler nedeniyle son 10 yıldır olağanüstü kesimler yapıldığı bu hızla devam ederse bu ormanların en fazla 5-10 yıl içinde yok olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. I Kök sürgününden gelişen ağaçlarda mantar arız olma ihtimali, tohumdan gelenlere nazaran daha fazla olduğu gibi sürgün veren kütüğün yaşı ile mantar arız olma ihtimali de doğru orantılıdır. Kemerburgaz'ın Baltalık ormanlarında ölmüş ve ölmekte olan çok sayıda yaşlı kütüklere rastlanmış, bu kütüklerin sürgün vermediği gözlenmiştir. Bunun nedeni yapraklı ormanın Baltalık olarak işletilmesidir. Bu işletme şeklinin günümüzde çağ dışı olduğu, Armillaria ve benzeri birçok mantar için uygun ortam hazırlandığı ve ormanların tahrip edildiği gözlenmiştir. Bu işletme şeklinde ısrar edilmesi halinde en fazla bir dönem daha baltalık olarak işletilebileceği yani 20 yıl sonra Kemerburgaz'daki baltalık ormanların kendiliğinden çökeceği tahmin edilmektedir. Diğer yandan bu çalışma ile modern bir işletmecilik yapılmadığı; bakım ve üretimden, depolama, satış ve nakliyata kadar yapılan her işlemde mantar saldırılarına karşı gerekli önlemlerin alınması gerektiği; Özellikle üretim yapan köylülerin konuya duyarlı ve bilinçli olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sırasında ortaya konan bulgular Kemerburgaz ve Kurtkemeri'ni kapsamaktadır.Ancak aynı bulgu ve sorunların İstanbul'un diğer yörelerinde de mevcut olduğu tecrübe edilmiştir. Orman Teşkilatının mantar hastalıklarına karşı gerekli tedbirleri alması ve ormanın işletme şeklini çağdaş ve günün şartlarına uygun olarak planlaması gerekmektedir. Haziran 2002 Hüseyin KABA II
THE RESEARCH ON A MUSHROOM FLORA WHICH İS GROWN ON A CUT WOODEN MATERIAL AROUND ISTANBUL KEMERBURGAZ AND KURTKEMERI The mushroom flora which is grown in a cut wooden material around Istanbul Kemerburgaz and Kurtkemeri was researched. The mushroom which were confirmed on the wooden piles in the stores and in the forest and also on the turned over, decayed trees which were cut off and their waste were recorded or taken photographs in their natural state or in the studio. In this research totally 47 mushrooms were established and picked up, dried according to its suitable technique and then their spores were examined and diagnosed in the lab while noticing their general features like the time host, plants and their physical features. With this studying it's established that the mushrooms which cause discoloration and decayed on the wood material cause economic loss and also it is confirmed that if some kind of mushrooms which can be eaten or used for different aims are used as a secondary product the economic loss will be compensated. It's understood that especially in Kemerburgaz the forest with the leaved which are managed as Coppy and the mixed forest with needle-leaved which are manageol as wood are unhealthy because of mushrooms which are species of Armillaria and their harmful effects. This state is more importand than the forest stock which destructed by mushroom. In the mixed forest which these mushrooms are seen especially needle trees are suddenly died at age 35-40 and the result of these death extraordinary act of cutting has been doing for the last 10 years if it goes on so fast it is guessed that these forest will be disappeared in 5-10 years. III The possibility of causing mushroom on the trees which are grown from root shoot is much more than the trees which are grown from seed and the age of log are the right proportinal with the possibility of causing mushroom. A lot of old logs which are dead or has been dying are coincided in coppy forest in Kemerburgaz and it is observed that these logs didn't give young shoot. The reason of this is the forest with leaves is managed as coppy this kind of management is not contemporary and it is observed thet the forest has been destructed and the suitable conditions are provided for save kind of mushrooms and Armillaria if it is insisted on this management it will be managed only one term as coppy. It means that it's guessed that the forest in Kemerburgaz will be destructed by itself. On the other hand necessary precautions should be taken in the procedure from care and production to the store, selling and transport against the attack of mushrooms. It's observed that the villagers especially who product are not sensitive and conscious to this important subject these findings which brought up in this studying contain only Kurtkemeri and Kemerburgaz but it's experienced that the same findings and problems can be seen in the other ports of İstanbul. Forest department should take necessary precautions agains to the disease of mushrooms and the from of the management of the forest should be planned again contemporaneously. June 2002 Hüseyin KABA
THE RESEARCH ON A MUSHROOM FLORA WHICH İS GROWN ON A CUT WOODEN MATERIAL AROUND ISTANBUL KEMERBURGAZ AND KURTKEMERI The mushroom flora which is grown in a cut wooden material around Istanbul Kemerburgaz and Kurtkemeri was researched. The mushroom which were confirmed on the wooden piles in the stores and in the forest and also on the turned over, decayed trees which were cut off and their waste were recorded or taken photographs in their natural state or in the studio. In this research totally 47 mushrooms were established and picked up, dried according to its suitable technique and then their spores were examined and diagnosed in the lab while noticing their general features like the time host, plants and their physical features. With this studying it's established that the mushrooms which cause discoloration and decayed on the wood material cause economic loss and also it is confirmed that if some kind of mushrooms which can be eaten or used for different aims are used as a secondary product the economic loss will be compensated. It's understood that especially in Kemerburgaz the forest with the leaved which are managed as Coppy and the mixed forest with needle-leaved which are manageol as wood are unhealthy because of mushrooms which are species of Armillaria and their harmful effects. This state is more importand than the forest stock which destructed by mushroom. In the mixed forest which these mushrooms are seen especially needle trees are suddenly died at age 35-40 and the result of these death extraordinary act of cutting has been doing for the last 10 years if it goes on so fast it is guessed that these forest will be disappeared in 5-10 years. III The possibility of causing mushroom on the trees which are grown from root shoot is much more than the trees which are grown from seed and the age of log are the right proportinal with the possibility of causing mushroom. A lot of old logs which are dead or has been dying are coincided in coppy forest in Kemerburgaz and it is observed that these logs didn't give young shoot. The reason of this is the forest with leaves is managed as coppy this kind of management is not contemporary and it is observed thet the forest has been destructed and the suitable conditions are provided for save kind of mushrooms and Armillaria if it is insisted on this management it will be managed only one term as coppy. It means that it's guessed that the forest in Kemerburgaz will be destructed by itself. On the other hand necessary precautions should be taken in the procedure from care and production to the store, selling and transport against the attack of mushrooms. It's observed that the villagers especially who product are not sensitive and conscious to this important subject these findings which brought up in this studying contain only Kurtkemeri and Kemerburgaz but it's experienced that the same findings and problems can be seen in the other ports of İstanbul. Forest department should take necessary precautions agains to the disease of mushrooms and the from of the management of the forest should be planned again contemporaneously. June 2002 Hüseyin KABA