Publication: Medeni usul hukukunda adalete erişim
Abstract
Devletin herkesin adalete etkili ve eşit bir şekilde erişimini güvence altına alma yükümlülüğü, hukuk devleti ilkesinin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Adalete erişim kavramı, kişiler yönünden yargısal bir insan hakkını ifade ederken; devlet yönünden herkesin erişebileceği bir adalet teşkilatı oluşturma yükümlülüğü anlamına gelir. Adalete erişim kavramı, hem mahkemelere hem de mahkeme dışı mekanizmalara erişimi içeren üst bir kavram olarak ele alınabilir. Adil yargılanma hakkının ilk adımı olarak mahkemeye erişim hakkının güvence altına alınması bireyin hakkını aramak üzere erişeceği makamın bir mahkeme olması, bu mahkemenin kanunla kurulmuş, bağımsız ve tarafsız nitelikte olmasıyla mümkündür. Karar hakkı ve kararın icrası hakkı da bu kapsamdadır. Devlet mahkeme dışında başka hak arama yolları öngörebilirse de bu yolların meşruiyeti, belirli koşulların ve güvencelerin varlığına bağlıdır. Adalete erişimin kolaylaştırılması devletin pozitif yükümlülükleri arasındadır. Bu çerçevede adliye binaları erişilebilir olmalı, teknolojik imkânlar yargı sistemine temel haklar korunarak entegre edilmeli, tebligat düzenlemeleri iyileştirilmelidir. Öte yandan, adli yardım başta olmak üzere adalete erişimin önündeki ekonomik engelleri kaldırmaya yönelik düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır. Yargılama usulüne ilişkin kuralların anlaşılabilir ve belirli düzenlenmesi, avukat yardımından yararlanmanın kolaylaştırılması hatta bazen zorunlu tutulması, gibi yollarla devlet, doğru hukuki bilgilerle doğru adımlar atılmasını sağlayabilir. Belirtmek gerekir ki mahkemeye erişim hakkı sınırsız değildir. Türk hukukunda Anayasa’nın 13. maddesindeki koşullara uygun olmak kaydıyla mümkündür. Medeni usul hukukunda mahkemeye erişim hakkını sınırlayan hususlar kişi, süre, parasal sınır, konu, şekil, disiplin yaptırımları, takip hukuku yaptırımları olarak karşımıza çıkar. Kanun koyucu hak aramaya ilişkin kuralları ihdas ederken, mahkemeler de söz konusu kuralları uygularken, her zaman tarafların mahkemeye erişim hakkına riayet edecek şekilde hareket etmelidir.
The obligation of the State to ensure effective and equal access to justice for all is an integral part of the rule of law. While the concept of access to justice refers to a judicial human right for individuals, for the state it means the obligation to create a justice organisation accessible to all. The concept of access to justice can be considered as a broad concept including access to both courts and extrajudicial mechanisms. Securing the right of access to the court as the first step of the right to a fair trial is only possible if the authority to which the individual will access to seek their rights is qualified as a court which is established by law, independent, and impartial. The right to a judgement and the right to enforce of the judgement are also within this scope. Although the state may provide for other means of seeking justice other than the court, the legitimacy of these means depends on the existence of certain procedural conditions and guarantees. Facilitating access to justice is among the positive obligations of the state. In this framework, courthouses should be accessible, technological facilities should be integrated into the judicial system by protecting fundamental rights, and notification rules should be improved. On the other hand, the justice system must allow to remove economic barriers to access to justice, particularly legal aid. The state may ensure that the right steps are taken with the right legal information by regulating the rules regarding the judicial procedure in an understandable and clear manner, facilitating the legal representation and sometimes even making it compulsory. It should be noted that the right of access to court is not unlimited. In Turkish law, the restriction of the right is possible if it complies with the conditions in Article 13 of the Constitution. In civil procedure law, the issues that limit the right to access to court can be classified as the personal, duration, monetary limits, subject matter, form, disciplinary sanctions, and sanctions of prosecution law. The law maker must enact and the courts must apply the rules on seeking rights in a way to respect the parties’ right to access to court.
The obligation of the State to ensure effective and equal access to justice for all is an integral part of the rule of law. While the concept of access to justice refers to a judicial human right for individuals, for the state it means the obligation to create a justice organisation accessible to all. The concept of access to justice can be considered as a broad concept including access to both courts and extrajudicial mechanisms. Securing the right of access to the court as the first step of the right to a fair trial is only possible if the authority to which the individual will access to seek their rights is qualified as a court which is established by law, independent, and impartial. The right to a judgement and the right to enforce of the judgement are also within this scope. Although the state may provide for other means of seeking justice other than the court, the legitimacy of these means depends on the existence of certain procedural conditions and guarantees. Facilitating access to justice is among the positive obligations of the state. In this framework, courthouses should be accessible, technological facilities should be integrated into the judicial system by protecting fundamental rights, and notification rules should be improved. On the other hand, the justice system must allow to remove economic barriers to access to justice, particularly legal aid. The state may ensure that the right steps are taken with the right legal information by regulating the rules regarding the judicial procedure in an understandable and clear manner, facilitating the legal representation and sometimes even making it compulsory. It should be noted that the right of access to court is not unlimited. In Turkish law, the restriction of the right is possible if it complies with the conditions in Article 13 of the Constitution. In civil procedure law, the issues that limit the right to access to court can be classified as the personal, duration, monetary limits, subject matter, form, disciplinary sanctions, and sanctions of prosecution law. The law maker must enact and the courts must apply the rules on seeking rights in a way to respect the parties’ right to access to court.
Description
Keywords
Adalete erişim, adalete erişimin kolaylaştırılması, adalete erişimin sınırlandırılması, adil yargılanma hakkı Access to justice, Civil law, Civil procedure, facilitation of access to justice, mahkemeye erişim hakkı, Medeni hukuk, Medeni yargılama, restriction of access to justice, right to a fair trial, right to access to a court, Turkey, Türkiye
