Publication: Geri dönüşümlü (Recycling) kağıt üretiminin gerekliliğinin irdelenmesi
Abstract
Değerlendirilebilir atıklar, (Kağıt,karton gibi) işlemler geçirildikten sonra hammadde veya ürüne dönüştürülür. Atıklar bir takım işlemlerden geçirilerek, ikinci bir hammadde olarak üretim sürecine sokulduğunda Geri Dönüşüm gerçekleşir. Atı kağıt kullanımı, ormanların kullanılmasındaki rolü dışında hava kirliliğini %74, su kirliliğini ise % 34 oranında azaltarak zararı yarara dönüştürmektedir. Atık çeşitlerinde; kağıt ve kartonların ülkemizde ve dünyada sınıflandırılması yapılarak, atık kağıtta istenmeyen maddeler incelenmiş ve buna bağlı olarak atık kağıt maliyeti bulunmuştur. Ülkemizde ve dünyada kağıdın tarihçesi araştırılarak; kağıdın geri dönüşüm limitleri ve geri dönüşümlü kağıdın lif kalitesini etkileyen faktörler ele alındı. Mürekkep giderme ve mürekkep giderme yöntemleri araştırılarak; mürekkep giderme işleminde kullanılan kimyasal maddeler ( Sodyum hidroksit, sabun, yüzey aktif ajanları, hidrojen peroksit, sodyum silikat, chelat ajanları, fosfat, karbonat, borat, kil, talk, sülfirik ast, beyazlatıcı kimyasallar, sodyum hidro sülfit, formamidin sülfinik asit, sodyum hipoklorit, solventler, çökertme kimyasalları) incelendi.Matbaacılıkta kullanılan baskı teknikleri ve bu baskı teknikleri sonucunda oluşan atık kağıtların mürkkep giderimi tespit edildi. Belli başlı geri dönüşüm problemlerinden; yapışkanlık, siyah noktalanma, kirli veya lekeli madde sorunları incelendi. Geri dönüşümlü kağıt üretiminde ilk önce hamur hazırlama işlemi ele alındı: Burada atık kağıtlar harmanlandıktan sonra pulperlerde liflerin açılması, bu açılan liflerin temizlenmesi, döner eleklerden geçirildikten sonra liflerin daha iyi açılması için deflakertslere iletilmesi, rifaynerlerde öğütülmesi, hamurun sulandırılması, basınçlı eleklerden geçirildikten sonra hamurun havasının alınması araştırıldı. Kağıt hamuru hazırlandıktan sonra kağıt üretiminde kullanılan sonsuz elek kağıt makinası araştırılarak; kağıt makinesinin değişik kısımları olan akım dağıtıcılar, hamur kasası, cetvel ağzı, drenaj mekanizması, kenar kesici ve beyaz su tavaları incelendi. Kağıt üretiminde kullanılan yaş presleme ve yankee silindir makinalarının kısımları araştırıldı.
THE NECESSITY OF RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTION After chemical and physical processes are applied to the reusable wastes such as paper and cardboard, these are converted to the raw mateiral or product. This product is used as raw material of the other manufacture. This process is called as Recycled Paper production. The most important advantage of recycling process is to preserve the forests. Also it has some other advantages such as decreasing the percentage of air pollution to 74 and the percentage of water pollution to 34. In conclusion, the disadvantage of environment pollution is converted to benefit. The classification of paper and cardboard in our country and the world is made. The cost of waste paper is calculated by researching te unused substances at the waste paper. The definition of paper and history of paper in our country and the world are researched. Recycling limitation of recycled paper and the factors which affects the fiber quality are researched. The following subjects are studied : What is beinking and what are methods of it ? Chemical substances which are used in beinking such as sodium- hydroxide, soap, hydrogen peroxide, sodium, silicate, chelat agent, surface active egent, phosphate, carbonate, borate, talc, clay, bleaching agents, solvent and precipitants are researched. Printing methods in printing office and beinking of waste paper which is formed by these techniques are researched. Problems in recyling process are especially, stickies are studied. Pulp preparation proces in recycled paper production are described. In this part swelling of fiber in pulper after the collation of waste paper, cleaning of fibers whivh are swelled, carrying of fibers to deflakers after the rotary sieving process, milling in refiner, dilution of pulp with water, deaerating of pulp which is passed through pressure- sieve. Following the pulp preparation, endless blanket machine which is used in paper production is studied. Current transmitter, pulp eessed, drainage mschanism, edge cutting and water plate which are the sections of this machine are studied. The sections of wet pressing and yankee cylinder machines which are used for paper productions are studied.
THE NECESSITY OF RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTION After chemical and physical processes are applied to the reusable wastes such as paper and cardboard, these are converted to the raw mateiral or product. This product is used as raw material of the other manufacture. This process is called as Recycled Paper production. The most important advantage of recycling process is to preserve the forests. Also it has some other advantages such as decreasing the percentage of air pollution to 74 and the percentage of water pollution to 34. In conclusion, the disadvantage of environment pollution is converted to benefit. The classification of paper and cardboard in our country and the world is made. The cost of waste paper is calculated by researching te unused substances at the waste paper. The definition of paper and history of paper in our country and the world are researched. Recycling limitation of recycled paper and the factors which affects the fiber quality are researched. The following subjects are studied : What is beinking and what are methods of it ? Chemical substances which are used in beinking such as sodium- hydroxide, soap, hydrogen peroxide, sodium, silicate, chelat agent, surface active egent, phosphate, carbonate, borate, talc, clay, bleaching agents, solvent and precipitants are researched. Printing methods in printing office and beinking of waste paper which is formed by these techniques are researched. Problems in recyling process are especially, stickies are studied. Pulp preparation proces in recycled paper production are described. In this part swelling of fiber in pulper after the collation of waste paper, cleaning of fibers whivh are swelled, carrying of fibers to deflakers after the rotary sieving process, milling in refiner, dilution of pulp with water, deaerating of pulp which is passed through pressure- sieve. Following the pulp preparation, endless blanket machine which is used in paper production is studied. Current transmitter, pulp eessed, drainage mschanism, edge cutting and water plate which are the sections of this machine are studied. The sections of wet pressing and yankee cylinder machines which are used for paper productions are studied.