Publication: Trabzon‘da İskender Paşa’ya ait mimari eserler
Abstract
Cami, İslâm toplumunun, sadece toplu ibâdet ettiği yer değil, aynı zamanda siyasî, sosyal ve kültürel hayatında önemli yeri olan bir müessesedir. Hz. Peygamber'in Medîne'ye hicreti ile başlayan ve cami mîmârîsinin temelini teşkil eden Medîne Mescidi, temeli taş olan ve kerpiçten yapılan, üzeri hurma dallarıyla örtülü bir bina idi. Daha sonra hemen yanlarına eklenen suffelerle cami mîmârîsinin ana planı işlenmeye başlanmıştır. İslâm'ın hâkim olduğu topraklar genişlemeye başlayınca, İslam milletleri, yeni cami modelleri geliştirmiştir. Araplar'daki ortada bir avlu, etrafında sütunlara oturan üstü örtülü revaklı camiler, Eyyûbîler'e kadar devam etmiştir. Büyük Selçuklular'ın avlulu, eyvanlı, mihrap önü kubbeli camilerinden sonra Anadolu Selçukluları'nın kare plânlı, kubbeli medreseleri, Osmanlı cami mîmârîsine ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Trabzon'da, üzerinde çalıştığımız 1533'te inşa edilen İskender Paşa Camii de Osmanlılar'ın Bursa'da başlatıp, Edirne ve İstanbul'da geliştirdikleri cami plânına uygun yapılan örneklerindendir. Fatih Sultan Mehmed tarafından 1461 yılında gerçekleştirilen Trabzon'un fethinin hemen ardından, şehrin sosyal ve kültürel yapısına etki edecek İslâm medeniyetinin müesseseleri kurulmaya başlanmıştır. Fethin sembolü olarak camiye çevrilen Panaghia Khrysokephalos Manastırı (Fatih-Ortahisar Camii) 'nın hemen yanına, Fatih Sultan Mehmed tarafından, bugün mevcud olmayan, bir medrese yaptırılmıştır. Trabzon'da İskender Paşa Camii'nin yapılışına kadar inşa edilen yapılar, İçkale Camii ve Gülbahar Hâtun Camii'dir. Ayrıca bugün mevcut olmayan ve Gülbahar Hâtun Camii yanına inşâ edilmiş olan mekteb, dârü'l-kurrâ, imâret ve medreseyi de yine bu eserler arasında sayabiliriz. 1512-1533 yılları arasında yirmi bir yıl içinde farklı zamanlarda Trabzon valiliği yapan İskender Paşa, bir cami, bir han, bir hamam, üç çeşme, medrese, dârü'l-kurrâ ve sıbyan mektebi yaptırarak, şehirde dînî ve ictimâî hayatın canlanmasını sağlamıştır. İskender Paşa'nın şehre kazandırmış olduğu bu tesisler şehrin planlanmasında, siyasî ve iktisadî kalkınmasında önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Bu çalışmamızda İskender Paşa'nın Trabzon'da yaptırmış olduğu, günümüze kadar gelebilmiş eserlerin analitik bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.
A mosque is not only the Islamic society worships but also it is an important institute for political, social and cultural life. The Medine Small Mosque was a building which began with the prophet Muhammad's emigration to Medine and formed the basis of mosque architectural, it's basis was stone and was made of sun-dried bricks, was covered with date branches.Then, Principal plan of mosque architecture began to be processed with suffeler which are added to close sides. When the earths which Islam dominated began to widen, Islam nations developed new mosque models. A court in the middle, the covered and porched mosques which took up to columns of Arabians lasted up to the society of Eyyubi After the mosques with courts, iwans, domed mihrab front of the Büyük Seljuks, the medresseh with square planned and domed of Anatolia Seljuks inspired to Ottoman mosque architecture. Iskender Pasha Mosque which was built in 1533 and which we worked on in Trabzon was an appropriate example to mosque plan which Ottoman got started in Bursa and developed in Edirne and Istanbul. After Trabzon was conquered by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1461, it is started to be founded instutions of the Islam civilization for the effect to social and cultural structure of the city. Near the Panaghia Khrysokephalos Monastery which was changed to the mosque as the symbol of conquest, a medresseh, that does not exist now, was built by Fatih Sultan Mehmet. The buildings which were built until Iskender Pasha Mosque was built in Trabzon are Içkale Mosque and Gulbahar Hatun Mosque. Besides, we can think among these works that school, darülkurra, soup kitchen and medresseh which was built near Gulbahar Hatun Mosque and do not exist today. Iskender Pasha who was a governor of a province in Trabzon between 1512-1533 but different periods in a year provided to become active of religious and social life in city by founding a mosque, a caravansary, a public bath, three fountains, a medressehs, a darülkurra and a primary school. These foundations which Iskender Pasha caused to gain to the city had an important place for being planned, political and economic improvement. In this thesis, the works which Iskender Pasha built in Trabzon and come until today were done on analytical evaluation.
A mosque is not only the Islamic society worships but also it is an important institute for political, social and cultural life. The Medine Small Mosque was a building which began with the prophet Muhammad's emigration to Medine and formed the basis of mosque architectural, it's basis was stone and was made of sun-dried bricks, was covered with date branches.Then, Principal plan of mosque architecture began to be processed with suffeler which are added to close sides. When the earths which Islam dominated began to widen, Islam nations developed new mosque models. A court in the middle, the covered and porched mosques which took up to columns of Arabians lasted up to the society of Eyyubi After the mosques with courts, iwans, domed mihrab front of the Büyük Seljuks, the medresseh with square planned and domed of Anatolia Seljuks inspired to Ottoman mosque architecture. Iskender Pasha Mosque which was built in 1533 and which we worked on in Trabzon was an appropriate example to mosque plan which Ottoman got started in Bursa and developed in Edirne and Istanbul. After Trabzon was conquered by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1461, it is started to be founded instutions of the Islam civilization for the effect to social and cultural structure of the city. Near the Panaghia Khrysokephalos Monastery which was changed to the mosque as the symbol of conquest, a medresseh, that does not exist now, was built by Fatih Sultan Mehmet. The buildings which were built until Iskender Pasha Mosque was built in Trabzon are Içkale Mosque and Gulbahar Hatun Mosque. Besides, we can think among these works that school, darülkurra, soup kitchen and medresseh which was built near Gulbahar Hatun Mosque and do not exist today. Iskender Pasha who was a governor of a province in Trabzon between 1512-1533 but different periods in a year provided to become active of religious and social life in city by founding a mosque, a caravansary, a public bath, three fountains, a medressehs, a darülkurra and a primary school. These foundations which Iskender Pasha caused to gain to the city had an important place for being planned, political and economic improvement. In this thesis, the works which Iskender Pasha built in Trabzon and come until today were done on analytical evaluation.