Publication: İslam hukukunda nitelikleri itibariyle satım akdine konu olamayan mallar
Abstract
İSLAM HUKUKUNDA NİTELİKLERİ İTİBARİYLE SATIM AKDİNE KONU OLAMAYAN MALLAR İslam Hukuku, muamelat sahasının temel konularından biri olan satım akdine özel bir önem atfetmiştir. Bu önem sayesinde olmalıdır ki satım akdi çerçevesinde gelişen literatüre bakıldığında oldukça ayrıntılı ve zengin bir birikimin varlığıyla karşılaşılır. Bu birikimin özellikle mebî‘ ve mal kavramları etrafında geliştiği söylenebilir. Çalışmamız satım akdine konu olamayacak nitelikteki malların tespit ve tasnifi gayesiyle, dört fıkıh mezhebinin kaynak değerine sahip belli sayıdaki eserleri incelenerek oluşturulmuştur. İslam Hukuku’na göre bazı mallar ayn/ zât’larından kaynaklanan sebeplerle satım akdine konu olamazlar. Bu tür mallara ilişkin hükümleri tespit etme ihtiyacı, fakihlerin akit konusu mal için bazı “meşrûiyyet” şartları geliştirmeleri ile sonuçlanmıştır. “Malın malla mübadelesi”nden ibaret bir işlem olarak görülen satım akdinin sonuç doğurabilmesi için, akit konusunun her şeyden önce hukukun meşru kabul ettiği, koruduğu, “mütekavvim” bir mal olması gerekir. Netice itibariyle şer‘î hukukun “fayda”sını yasaklamadığı, “fayda” temin edilebilen, temiz, iktisadî değer/ kıymet’i olan ve sahipli tüm mallar, meşrû mal sınıfında yer alırlar ki diğer akdî şartların da gerçekleşmesi halinde bu mallar satım akdine konu olabilirler. Meşruiyyet şartlarını taşımayan mallar satım akdine konu olamazlar.
GOODS THAT THEİR CHARECTERICTICS DON’T NEED A SELLİNG TREATY CONFORMİNG İSLAMİC LAW Islamic Law has given a specific importance on sale contract which is one of the basic issues of commercial transactions. Supposedly thanks to this importance, a mass of detailed and rich accumulation are encountered when the literature improved within the frame of sale contract is examined thoroughly. This accumulation may be said to have developed especially about concepts of goods and commodities sold. Our study has been formed by going through a certain number of works of jurisprudences of four religious sects, which are accepted to be literary source, for the purpose of determination and classification of commodities in quality not subject to sale contract. Some goods are not subjects of sale contract due to reasons arising from their possessors according to Islamic Law. Need of determination of the judgments related with these sort of goods has resulted some conditions of “legitimacy” developed by Muslim jurists for goods being subject of a contract. First of all subject of contract which is deemed to be a transaction comprised “exchange of good for good” must be true and correct commodity accepted legally, in order to produce a consequence. As conclusion, all of goods which Islamic Law did not prohibit their benefit and from which benefit is obtained and clean and have economical value and are in possession of a person are classified in legal commodities class, so that they may fairly be subjects of a sale contract in case of other contract conditions are also realized.
GOODS THAT THEİR CHARECTERICTICS DON’T NEED A SELLİNG TREATY CONFORMİNG İSLAMİC LAW Islamic Law has given a specific importance on sale contract which is one of the basic issues of commercial transactions. Supposedly thanks to this importance, a mass of detailed and rich accumulation are encountered when the literature improved within the frame of sale contract is examined thoroughly. This accumulation may be said to have developed especially about concepts of goods and commodities sold. Our study has been formed by going through a certain number of works of jurisprudences of four religious sects, which are accepted to be literary source, for the purpose of determination and classification of commodities in quality not subject to sale contract. Some goods are not subjects of sale contract due to reasons arising from their possessors according to Islamic Law. Need of determination of the judgments related with these sort of goods has resulted some conditions of “legitimacy” developed by Muslim jurists for goods being subject of a contract. First of all subject of contract which is deemed to be a transaction comprised “exchange of good for good” must be true and correct commodity accepted legally, in order to produce a consequence. As conclusion, all of goods which Islamic Law did not prohibit their benefit and from which benefit is obtained and clean and have economical value and are in possession of a person are classified in legal commodities class, so that they may fairly be subjects of a sale contract in case of other contract conditions are also realized.