Publication: Tarihi suç coğrafyası : mühimme defterleri üzerinden Osmanlı dönemi suç, zaman ve mekân (1580-1604)
Abstract
Osmanlı coğrafyasında suç olgusu diğer toplumlarda olduğu gibi toplumsal düzenin, ekonomik ilişkilerin ve siyasal gelişmelerin etkisi altında şekillenmiş; ancak 1580–1604 yılları arasındaki dönem, suçların sayıca artması ve çeşitlenmesiyle özellikle dikkat çeken bir süreç olmuştur. Bu çalışmada söz konusu dönemde işlenen suçların türleri, meydana geldikleri mekânlar ve uygulanan cezalar coğrafi bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmış ve suç ile mekân arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşim ortaya konulmuştur. Mühimme defterlerinden titizlikle derlenen kayıtlar çözümlemeye tabi tutulmuş ve suçların dağılımı ile yoğunlaştığı alanlar belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler ile bazı bölgelerde belli suç türlerinin öne çıktığı ve bu yoğunlaşmanın ekonomik dalgalanmalar, timar sistemindeki bozulmalar, konargöçerlerin faaliyetleri, aşırı ve usulsüz vergiler ile kırsalda yaşanan göçler gibi etkenlerle bağlantılı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca suçların niteliği ve ağırlığı dikkate alınarak uygulanan cezaların farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. İncelenen dönemde karşılaşılan suç türleri arasında eşkıyalık, hırsızlık, korsanlık, ribahorluk, adam öldürme, karaborsa, askerden firar, evrakta sahtecilik, usulsüzlük, yolsuzluk, silah taşıma, arazi işgali ve kallablık gibi fiiller kaydedilmiş olup; bu fiillerin failleri arasında yabancı eşkıyalar, reaya, Celâliler, ehl-i örf, ehl-i şer, suhteler ve konargöçerler yer almıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada suç türlerinin meydana geldiği mekânlarla ilişkisi ortaya konulmuş ve Osmanlı’da suç ile ceza düzeninin işleyişine dair döneme ışık tutan önemli değerlendirmeler sunulmuştur.
The phenomenon of crime in the Ottoman geography, as in other societies, was shaped under the influence of social order, economic relations, and political developments; however, the period between 1580 and 1604 stands out as a phase marked by a significant increase and diversification in crimes. This study examines, from a geographical perspective, the types of crimes committed during this period, the locations in which they occurred, and the punishments imposed, thereby revealing the mutual interaction between crime and space. Records meticulously compiled from the Mühimme registers were analyzed to determine the distribution of crimes and the areas where they were concentrated. The findings indicate that in certain regions particular types of crimes prevailed, and this concentration was linked to factors such as economic fluctuations, the deterioration of the timar system, the activities of nomadic groups, excessive and irregular taxation, and rural migrations. It was also observed that punishments varied depending on the nature and severity of the crimes. Among the offenses recorded for the period were banditry, theft, piracy, usury, homicide, black market activities, desertion from the army, forgery, misconduct, corruption, bearing arms, land occupation, and fraud (kallablık). The perpetrators included foreign bandits, reaya (peasants), Celâlis, members of the ehl-i örf and ehl-i şer, religious students (suhtes), and nomadic groups. Furthermore, the study highlights the relationship between crime types and the locations in which they occurred, offering significant insights into the functioning of the crime and punishment system in the Ottoman Empire during this period.
The phenomenon of crime in the Ottoman geography, as in other societies, was shaped under the influence of social order, economic relations, and political developments; however, the period between 1580 and 1604 stands out as a phase marked by a significant increase and diversification in crimes. This study examines, from a geographical perspective, the types of crimes committed during this period, the locations in which they occurred, and the punishments imposed, thereby revealing the mutual interaction between crime and space. Records meticulously compiled from the Mühimme registers were analyzed to determine the distribution of crimes and the areas where they were concentrated. The findings indicate that in certain regions particular types of crimes prevailed, and this concentration was linked to factors such as economic fluctuations, the deterioration of the timar system, the activities of nomadic groups, excessive and irregular taxation, and rural migrations. It was also observed that punishments varied depending on the nature and severity of the crimes. Among the offenses recorded for the period were banditry, theft, piracy, usury, homicide, black market activities, desertion from the army, forgery, misconduct, corruption, bearing arms, land occupation, and fraud (kallablık). The perpetrators included foreign bandits, reaya (peasants), Celâlis, members of the ehl-i örf and ehl-i şer, religious students (suhtes), and nomadic groups. Furthermore, the study highlights the relationship between crime types and the locations in which they occurred, offering significant insights into the functioning of the crime and punishment system in the Ottoman Empire during this period.
Description
Keywords
Celâliler, Celâlis, crime, El yazmaları, Türk, Facsimiles, Historical geography, History, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, Osmanlı Padişahı, 1494 5?-1566, Kaynaklar, Manuscripts, Turkish, Mühimme defteri, Mühimme notebook, Osmanlı, Ottoman, Resources, suç, Süleyman I, Sultan of the Turks, 1494 or 1495-1566, Tarih, Tarihi coğrafya, Tıpkıbasımlar, Turkey, Türkiye
