Publication: The sources of high PM10 in İstanbul and effect of meteorological conditions on high PM10 concentrations
Abstract
Bu çalışmada; İstanbul, Türkiye'de yüksek PM10 konsantrasyonlarına neden olan atmosfer kökenli mekanizmalar araştırılmaktadır. Beşiktaş'taki yüksek PM10 değerleri, 24 saatlik PM10'un 2007-2017 döneminde 100 µgm-3'ü aştığı günler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Toplam 94 bölüm dikkate alındığında, yüksek PM10 vakaları çoğunlukla kışın (% 37) ve bunu sırasıyla Bahar (% 36), Güz (% 20) ve Yaz (% 6) mevsimlerinde göstermektedir. Ward’ın minimum kümeleme tekniğinin HYSPLIT 72 saatlik geriye doğru yörüngesine uygulanmasının bir sonucu olarak, İstanbul’da yüksek tanecikli madde bölümlerine neden olan dört farklı küme esas alınmıştır. 94 günden% 41,5'i iç kaynaklar olarak kategorize edilmiştir ve pozitif (negatif) yerel sıcaklık (bağıl nem) değişimlerine bağlıdır. Diğer kaynaklar dış kaynaklı olarak gösterilmiştir ve yüksek partiküllü madde konsantrasyonlarının uzun mesafeli taşınımı nedeniyle; Avrupa, Rusya ve Sahra bölgeleri sırasıyla% 21.3,% 8.5 ve% 28.7'den kaynaklanmaktadır. Sahra kaynaklı yüksek PM10 dış kaynakları için meteorolojik faktörlerin kompozit analizine göre, İtalya üzerinde kuvvetli bir yüzey derin alçak basınç ve Sahra bölgesinden orta seviyelerde güçlü Güney batı rüzgar rüzgârları eşliğinde anormal derecede Hazar Denizi üzerinde yüksek bir basınç olduğunu, bahar günlerinde asılı toz partiküllerinin çok kısa sürede İstanbul'a taşınınımı göstermektedir. Öte yandan, Azor Adaları yüksek basınç merkezlerinin kökenlerinden Balkan Yarımadası'na kadar genişletilmesi, Kuzey tarafından yüksek PM10 değerlerinin kış döneminde İstanbul'a aktarılmasına neden olmaktadır.Her ne kadar Rusya'dan kaynaklanan yüksek PM10 bölümleri en az sıklıkta gösterilmiş olsa da, PM10 seviyelerine katkıları diğer uzun menzilli ulaşım yollarından daha yüksektir.
The origin and background atmospheric mechanisms that cause high PM10 concentrations in Istanbul, Turkey were investigated in this study. High-PM10 values in Besiktas are described as the terms in which the 24-hour mean PM10 exceed 100 µgm-3 between 2007-2017 term. In regard to total 94 episodes, high-PM10 cases are mostly shown in winter (37%) and followed by spring (36%), fall (20%), and Summer (6%) seasons, respectively. As a consequence of the application of Ward’s minimum clustering technique to HYSPLIT 72-hour backward trajectory, mainly four different clusters, which cause high particulate matter episodes, were found in Istanbul. From 94 days, 41.5% of them were categorized as internal sources and are positively (negatively) linked to local temperature (relative humidity) variations. The other sources are shown as external origin and owing to long-range transport of the high particulate matter concentrations; Europe, Russia, and Sahara regions originate 21.3%, 8.5%, and 28.7% of all episodes, respectively. According to the meteorological factors’ composite analysis for high PM10 external sources originated by Sahara indicates that a strong surface deep low-pressure over Italy and an anomalously high-pressure over Caspian Sea accompanied by the strong South westerly wind patterns from Sahara region at mid-levels enable transferring of suspended dust particles to Istanbul in a very short time during spring days. On the other hand, extending of the Azores high-pressure centers from its origin to Balkan Peninsula cause transferring of high-PM10 values by North westerly flows to Istanbul during winter months. Although high-PM10 episodes originated by Russia shown as least frequent, their contribution to PM10 levels are higher than the other long-range transport pathways.
The origin and background atmospheric mechanisms that cause high PM10 concentrations in Istanbul, Turkey were investigated in this study. High-PM10 values in Besiktas are described as the terms in which the 24-hour mean PM10 exceed 100 µgm-3 between 2007-2017 term. In regard to total 94 episodes, high-PM10 cases are mostly shown in winter (37%) and followed by spring (36%), fall (20%), and Summer (6%) seasons, respectively. As a consequence of the application of Ward’s minimum clustering technique to HYSPLIT 72-hour backward trajectory, mainly four different clusters, which cause high particulate matter episodes, were found in Istanbul. From 94 days, 41.5% of them were categorized as internal sources and are positively (negatively) linked to local temperature (relative humidity) variations. The other sources are shown as external origin and owing to long-range transport of the high particulate matter concentrations; Europe, Russia, and Sahara regions originate 21.3%, 8.5%, and 28.7% of all episodes, respectively. According to the meteorological factors’ composite analysis for high PM10 external sources originated by Sahara indicates that a strong surface deep low-pressure over Italy and an anomalously high-pressure over Caspian Sea accompanied by the strong South westerly wind patterns from Sahara region at mid-levels enable transferring of suspended dust particles to Istanbul in a very short time during spring days. On the other hand, extending of the Azores high-pressure centers from its origin to Balkan Peninsula cause transferring of high-PM10 values by North westerly flows to Istanbul during winter months. Although high-PM10 episodes originated by Russia shown as least frequent, their contribution to PM10 levels are higher than the other long-range transport pathways.