Publication: Çağdaş fetva kurullarının ihtiyaç ve zaruret kavramlarına yaklaşımlarının analizi
Abstract
Bu çalışma güncel fıkhî problemlerin çözümünde çağdaş fetva kurulları tarafından ihtiyaç ve zaruret kavramlarının bir referans kaynağı olarak kullanılmasını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İki ana bölümden oluşan çalışmanın birinci bölümünde söz konusu kavram ikilisinin doğru ve kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılması ve böylece sağlıklı bir analiz çerçevesinin oluşturulması amacıyla teorik bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda ihtiyaç ve zaruretin tanımları, bu kavramların bazı fıkıh usûlü terimleriyle ilişkileri, külli kaideler içerisindeki yerleri ve şer‘î hükümlerin gerekçesi olabilmeleri için aranan şartlar ele alınmıştır. Literatürde zaruret ve ihtiyacın hükümlere gerekçe yapılırken genellikle birlikte kullanılmalarından hareketle bu iki kavramın eş anlamlı olduğuna dair yaygın bir kabul bulunsa da bu çalışma onların aslında mahiyetleri itibariyle birbirinden farklı kavramlar olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Çağdaş fetva kurullarının ihtiyaç ve zaruret kavramlarına yaklaşımlarına odaklanan ikinci bölümde ise söz konusu kurulların pek çok meselede doğrudan bu iki kavrama referansla naslarda açıkça beyan edilen hükümlerden ve naslardan elde edilen kaide ve asıllarda yer alan hükümlerden istisna yaptığı gösterilmiştir. Yine belli bir mezhebe göre hüküm veren fetva kurullarının kimi zaman zaruret ve ihtiyaç olgusunu göz önünde bulundurarak takip ettikleri mezhebin görüşü yerine başka bir mezhebin görüşünü esas aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu kurulların kimi zaman da yine aynı gerekçeyle takip ettikleri mezhebin müftâbih görüşü yerine mezhep içi görüşler hiyerarşisinde ondan daha düşük seviyede yer alan başka bir görüşü tercih ettikleri saptanmıştır. Çağdaş fetva kurullarını ihtiyaç ve zarurete dayalı hükümler vermeye sevk eden temel etkenlerin başında tıp alanında ve sosyal hayatta esaslı değişimlere neden olan teknolojik ilerlemeler gelmektedir. Bu değişimler toplumda köklü bir yere sahip olan kimi uygulamaların güncellenmesi veya söz konusu teknolojik ilerlemelere bağlı olarak insanların hayatlarına birtakım yeni uygulamaların girmesi şeklinde kendini göstermektedir. Bu bakımdan çalışmada çağdaş fetva kurullarının ihtiyaç ve zaruret kavramlarını kullanımları tıp alanında ve sosyal hayatta meydana gelen söz konusu değişimler üzerinden ele alınmıştır.
This study aims to analyze the use of the concepts of need (Ḥād̲j̲a) and necessity (Ḍarūra) as a source of reference by contemporary fatwā boards in solving current fiḳh problems. In the first part of the study which consists of two main chapters, a theoretical examination has been made in order to understand the concept duo in question correctly and comprehensively and thus to create a healthy framework for analysis. In this context, the definitions of need and necessity, their relations with some uṣūl al-fiqh terms, their place in the maxims of Islamic Law (Ḳawāʿid Fiḳhiyya) and the conditions required for them to be the justification of s̲h̲arīʿa rulings are discussed. Although there is a widespread acceptance in the literature that these two concepts are synonymous based on the fact that necessity and need are often used together when justifying judgements (aḥkām), this study argues that they are actually different concepts in terms of their nature. In the second chapter which focuses on the approaches of contemporary fatwā boards to the concepts of need and necessity, it is shown that these boards make exceptions from the rulings (aḥkām) clearly stated in the naṣṣ and the rules and principles derived from the naṣṣ by directly referring to these two concepts in many issues. Again, it has been determined that the fatwā boards, which rule according to a certain mad̲h̲hab, sometimes took the opinion of another mad̲h̲hab as a basis instead of the opinion of the mad̲h̲hab they follow, taking into account the phenomenon necessity and need. It was also found that these boards at times preferred another opinion which is lower in the hierarchy of opinions within the mad̲h̲hab instead of the preferred fatwā by the mad̲h̲hab they follow, for the same reason. One of the main factors that lead contemporary fatwā boards to issue rulings based on need and necessity is technological advances that have caused radical changes in the medical field and social life. These changes manifest themselves in the form of updating some practices that have a deep-rooted place in society or the introduction of some new practices into people's lives due to these technological advances. In this respect, this study examines the use of the concepts of need and necessity by contemporary fatwā boards through the changes in the field of medicine and social life.
This study aims to analyze the use of the concepts of need (Ḥād̲j̲a) and necessity (Ḍarūra) as a source of reference by contemporary fatwā boards in solving current fiḳh problems. In the first part of the study which consists of two main chapters, a theoretical examination has been made in order to understand the concept duo in question correctly and comprehensively and thus to create a healthy framework for analysis. In this context, the definitions of need and necessity, their relations with some uṣūl al-fiqh terms, their place in the maxims of Islamic Law (Ḳawāʿid Fiḳhiyya) and the conditions required for them to be the justification of s̲h̲arīʿa rulings are discussed. Although there is a widespread acceptance in the literature that these two concepts are synonymous based on the fact that necessity and need are often used together when justifying judgements (aḥkām), this study argues that they are actually different concepts in terms of their nature. In the second chapter which focuses on the approaches of contemporary fatwā boards to the concepts of need and necessity, it is shown that these boards make exceptions from the rulings (aḥkām) clearly stated in the naṣṣ and the rules and principles derived from the naṣṣ by directly referring to these two concepts in many issues. Again, it has been determined that the fatwā boards, which rule according to a certain mad̲h̲hab, sometimes took the opinion of another mad̲h̲hab as a basis instead of the opinion of the mad̲h̲hab they follow, taking into account the phenomenon necessity and need. It was also found that these boards at times preferred another opinion which is lower in the hierarchy of opinions within the mad̲h̲hab instead of the preferred fatwā by the mad̲h̲hab they follow, for the same reason. One of the main factors that lead contemporary fatwā boards to issue rulings based on need and necessity is technological advances that have caused radical changes in the medical field and social life. These changes manifest themselves in the form of updating some practices that have a deep-rooted place in society or the introduction of some new practices into people's lives due to these technological advances. In this respect, this study examines the use of the concepts of need and necessity by contemporary fatwā boards through the changes in the field of medicine and social life.