Publication: İslâm hukuk ve siyaset düşüncesinde mezâlim teorisi
Abstract
Bu çalışma siyâsetnâme, erken inşâ literatürü, ahkâm-ı sultâniyye ve siyâset-i şer‘iyye eserlerinin mezâlime dair tasavvurlarını ele almayı ve özellikle mezâlimi bir yargı müessesesi olarak gören ve ona hukukî bir zemin oluşturan ahkâm-ı sultâniyye ve siyâset-i şer‘iyye eserlerinin mezâlime yönelik teorik yaklaşımlarını ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Buna göre siyâsetnâmeler, mezâlimi yöneticinin halkın şikayetlerini dinlediği özel bir oturum ve yöneticinin adaletinin bir tezahürü olarak tavsif ederken erken inşâ ve ahkâm-ı sultâniyye literatürü, yargı müesseseleri arasında bir ayrıma giderek mezâlimi, yetki sahası ve dava ispat yöntemleri bakımından kadı mahkemesinden farklılaşan özel yetkili bir mahkeme şeklinde konumlandırmıştır. Siyâset-i şer‘iyye müellifleri ise kapsayıcı bir şer‘î yargı tasavvuru geliştirerek nihayetinde mezâlim yetkisini kadı mahkemesine devretmişlerdir. Bu çalışma, mezâlimin teorik ve hukukî boyutuna yer veren metinlerde mezâlimin şer‘î çerçevesinin korunduğunu, bununla birlikte onu ele alan müelliflerin, önceki metinlerin yaklaşımlarını değerlendirdiğini, eleştirdiğini, mezâlimin yetki sahası ve dava ispat yöntemleri konusunda farklı yaklaşımlar geliştirerek bu konudaki teorik ve hukukî çerçeveyi dönüştürdüklerini ileri sürmektedir.
This thesis aims to deal with the ideas of maẓālim in early scribal manuals along with siyāsatnāma, al-aḥkām al-sultāniyya and al-siyāsa al-sharʿiyya literature, and to introduce the theoretical approaches towards maẓālim in this literature in which the maẓālim has seen as a judicial institution and its legal basis has been constituted. While the siyāsatnāma works depict the maẓālim as a particular session where the ruler listens to the words of his subjects and the manifestation of the ruler’s justice, early scribal manuals and al-aḥkām al-sultāniyya literature make a distinction between judicial institutions and locates the maẓālim as a court with special authority differentiated from judge’s court in terms of jurisdiction and methods of judicial procedure. The compilers of al-siyāsa al-sharʿiyya texts developed an encompassing sharʿī judicial concept and eventually transferred the judicial power of maẓālim to the judge’s court. This thesis proposes that the sharʿī framework of maẓālim has been preserved through the texts that include the theoretical and legal aspects of maẓālim. However, the work also suggests that by reviewing and criticizing the approaches of previous texts and developing different approaches to maẓālim’s jurisdiction and its methods of judicial procedure, the authors transformed the theoretical and legal framework of maẓālim.
This thesis aims to deal with the ideas of maẓālim in early scribal manuals along with siyāsatnāma, al-aḥkām al-sultāniyya and al-siyāsa al-sharʿiyya literature, and to introduce the theoretical approaches towards maẓālim in this literature in which the maẓālim has seen as a judicial institution and its legal basis has been constituted. While the siyāsatnāma works depict the maẓālim as a particular session where the ruler listens to the words of his subjects and the manifestation of the ruler’s justice, early scribal manuals and al-aḥkām al-sultāniyya literature make a distinction between judicial institutions and locates the maẓālim as a court with special authority differentiated from judge’s court in terms of jurisdiction and methods of judicial procedure. The compilers of al-siyāsa al-sharʿiyya texts developed an encompassing sharʿī judicial concept and eventually transferred the judicial power of maẓālim to the judge’s court. This thesis proposes that the sharʿī framework of maẓālim has been preserved through the texts that include the theoretical and legal aspects of maẓālim. However, the work also suggests that by reviewing and criticizing the approaches of previous texts and developing different approaches to maẓālim’s jurisdiction and its methods of judicial procedure, the authors transformed the theoretical and legal framework of maẓālim.