Energy management algorithm development for smart car parks including charging stations, storage, and renewable energy sources

Abstract

In this study, a photovoltaic system and stationary energy storage unit integrated vehicle charging station energy management algorithm were developed using a long-short term based prediction model (LSTM). The aim of the proposed system is to develop intelligent car parks with controlled charging stations aggregated by centralized charging stations instead of individual or dispersed uncontrolled charging stations to eliminate the imbalance in the demands of charging. The system has four energy sources: grid, vehicle batteries, PV system, and the stationary battery group. By calculating the power demand for vehicles in the car park, a dynamic energy management algorithm has been developed that provides efficient use of energy resources by considering the power demand density. Moreover, the forecasting model has been created by LSTM) not only to adjust charging timing and effectively use energy sources. The model was performed by forecasting not to take energy from the grid at critical times (overloaded times). The grid load is analyzed by the energy management algorithm and run for different times of the year, creating a load profile for 16 vehicles. The results of this study show that energy demand during the critical time interval can be reduced by 8–20 % solely through load shifting before and after the critical time interval without any additional resource support. Moreover, while the integration of only the PV system supports the grid by 15–20 %, the optimal utilization of other energy sources during the relevant time frame supports the grid by 65–75 %. In addition, by collecting charging stations at a central point, energy storage capacity is increased and effective energy management is achieved. In conclusion, it is proposed that the infrastructure of such a parking system should be set up before the use of electric vehicles increases significantly.