Publication: Fener Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi’ nin siyasi faaliyetleri (1908-1923)
Abstract
Hıristiyan dünyasının iki büyük mezhebi olan Katoliklik ve Ortodoksluk arasında tam anlamı ile bir uzlaşma hiçbir zaman sağlanamıdı. 1054 yılında Papa ve Patrik karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini ve ruhanî meclis üyelerini aforoz ederek, iki kiliseyi kesin olarak birbirinden ayırdılar. II. Mehmet, İstanbul'un fethinden sonra Ortodoksların baskı altında kalma beklentilerini boşa çıkararak hürriyetlerin konusunda gerekli her türlü teminatı verdi. Georgios, Fatih'in huzuruna davet edilerek Patrikliğe getirildi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet'ten sonra Patrikhane uzun bir süre Fatih zamanında verilen hak ve imtiyazlar ile bütün Ortodokslar'ın merkezi olma özelliğini muhafaza ettiler. Patrikhane, Osmanlı Devleti zaafa uğradığını hissettiği dönemlerde sürekli olarak, içeride karışıklık çıkarmak ve devletin düşmanlırıyla işbirliği etmekten geri kalmadı. IV. Mehmet zamanında Patrik III. Parthenios, Eflak Voyvodası Kostantin'i isyana teşvik ettiğini bizzat itiraf edince, 24 Mart 1657'de idam edildi. II. Mahmut zamanında Patrik V. Grigorios'un bazı metropolitlerle birlikte Fenerli Rumlar ve Filiki Eterya Cemiyeti üyeleriyle işbirliği yaptığı, Eflak ve Mora isyanlarıyla ilgisi olduğu tespit ve 1821 yılında idam edildi. Tanzimat ve ıslahat Fermanları sürecinde Patrikhane kendilerine tanınan imtiyazları suistimal etmekten geri kalmadı. Aynı durum I. Ve II. Meşrutiyet dönemlerinde de devam etti. Trablusgarp, Balkan, I. Dünya ve Kurtuluş Savaşları boyunca da Patrikhane açıkça Türk düşmanları ile işbirliği yapmaktan çekinmedi. Patrikhane, Lozan Antlaşması ile o zamana kadar sahip olduğu bütün hak ve imtiyazlarını olduğu gibi muhafaza etmek için mücadele etti. Lozan müzakereleri sırasında Patrikhane meselesi tartışılırken sert tartışmalar oldu. Zaman zaman görüşmeler kesilme noktasına geldi. Türk temsilcileri Patrikhanenin Türkiye dışına çıkarılması hususunda çok ısrar ettiler. Fakat Batı kamuoyunun baskısı karşısında Patrikhanenin sadece dini yetkileri bırakılarak, Türkiye'de kalmasına razı oldular.
The Orthodoxes and the Catholics, as important sects of the Christianity, were not recociles never. In 1054, by the Pope and the Patriarch have excommunicated the members of their holy councils, and set apart the churches. The efforts to unity the churches were of great importance for the Christians always. Hower, it was not popsible for themselves to realize it, due to the grudges. Under the Turkish threats on Istanbul, the efforts were vigorous, but in vain. After the Coquest, in Istanbul, the Orthodoxes got fuarantes to continue and to keep all their religious activities. And the way of the Orthodoxy was more powerful, against the Catholics. By the Sultan Mehmet Conqurer, a Georgios, has appointed as the partriarch, and have given the authority to use the mundane and sacred privileges in the Orthodoxes' world. Under the soverignity of Mehmet IV. The Patriarch Parthenios III. who has been confessed his encouregements of Voyvoda of Eflak to rebel, was executed on March 24th, 1657, in Parmakkapi. During the Periods of The Reorganization and the Renovations, in the 19. century, the activities realized by the patriarchy were not so favorables for the Ottomans. During the periods of the Constitution I. And II., the activities created by the Patriarchy were not different. The unfavorable conditions existed in all the regions, occupied by the minorites, reladet to the Orthodoxy. The preassures created by the Patriarchy were of great importance at the last years of the Ottoman Empire. During the wars of Trablusfarp, the Balkans, and the World War II. and tried to offer the Turkish territories to the Greeks. Dring the negotiations of the Treaty of Laussanne, the Patriarchy tried to held and to keep all the privileges and the concessions. And all the activities crteated by the Patrirarchy were supported by the European Countries. In the treaty, the Patriarchy was an important problem. The delegates of the Republic of Turkey wished to push the Patriarchy out and to derive it from Turkey. Under the pressures created by the Western Countries, the Patriarchy was kept, as a religious authority only, in Turkey.
The Orthodoxes and the Catholics, as important sects of the Christianity, were not recociles never. In 1054, by the Pope and the Patriarch have excommunicated the members of their holy councils, and set apart the churches. The efforts to unity the churches were of great importance for the Christians always. Hower, it was not popsible for themselves to realize it, due to the grudges. Under the Turkish threats on Istanbul, the efforts were vigorous, but in vain. After the Coquest, in Istanbul, the Orthodoxes got fuarantes to continue and to keep all their religious activities. And the way of the Orthodoxy was more powerful, against the Catholics. By the Sultan Mehmet Conqurer, a Georgios, has appointed as the partriarch, and have given the authority to use the mundane and sacred privileges in the Orthodoxes' world. Under the soverignity of Mehmet IV. The Patriarch Parthenios III. who has been confessed his encouregements of Voyvoda of Eflak to rebel, was executed on March 24th, 1657, in Parmakkapi. During the Periods of The Reorganization and the Renovations, in the 19. century, the activities realized by the patriarchy were not so favorables for the Ottomans. During the periods of the Constitution I. And II., the activities created by the Patriarchy were not different. The unfavorable conditions existed in all the regions, occupied by the minorites, reladet to the Orthodoxy. The preassures created by the Patriarchy were of great importance at the last years of the Ottoman Empire. During the wars of Trablusfarp, the Balkans, and the World War II. and tried to offer the Turkish territories to the Greeks. Dring the negotiations of the Treaty of Laussanne, the Patriarchy tried to held and to keep all the privileges and the concessions. And all the activities crteated by the Patrirarchy were supported by the European Countries. In the treaty, the Patriarchy was an important problem. The delegates of the Republic of Turkey wished to push the Patriarchy out and to derive it from Turkey. Under the pressures created by the Western Countries, the Patriarchy was kept, as a religious authority only, in Turkey.