Publication: Türkiye'de kadın voleybolcular : modern sporda kadın deneyimleri, statü ve kimlik
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada voleybolcu kadınların sportif ve toplumsal deneyimleri, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifi yönünden incelenmiştir. Kadın sporcuların yaşam deneyimleri üzerinden Türkiye’de voleybolun kadın sporu olarak kurumsallaşmasına etki eden sosyal faktörlerin ve voleybolun kadınların kimlik ve statüsünde yarattığı etki ve dönüşümlerin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada amaçlı örneklem uygulanmıştır. Örneklem grubu 1980-2019 yılları arasında, 30-67 yaş aralığında en az 10 sene voleybol deneyimi olan 15 kadın sporcudur. Çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemine -fenomenolojik desen- göre tasarlanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak “yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu” kullanılarak derinlemesine görüşmelerle sahadan araştırma sorusuna uygun veriler elde edilmiştir. Ses kayıtlarıyla elde edilen görüşmeler içerik çözümlemesiyle sınıflandırılarak temalara ayrılmıştır. Bulgular: Dört başlık altında temalara ayrılmıştır. Çözümlenen temalar sırasıyla şu şekildedir: “voleybolda toplumsallaşma süreçleri”, “voleybolcu kadınların perspektifinden toplumsal cinsiyet”, “voleybolun kimlik ve statü kazanımına etkileri”, “voleybol branşına dair sorunlar ve beklentiler”. Kadın voleybolcuların toplumsallaşma süreçlerinde toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkilerine bağlı kuşaklararası farklılıklar ve süreklilikler yaşandığı, Türkiye’de voleybolun cinsiyete ilişkin yaygın kültürel anlamların yeniden üretildiği bir sosyal alan olduğu ve kadınsı bir spor pratiği olarak anlamlandırıldığı görülmektedir. Kamusal alanda temsil/ kimlik/ görünürlük, gelir kazanımlarıyla birlikte evde ve voleybolda toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin tekrarlandığı ve sporcuların yıldırma ve tacize maruz kalmaları elde edilen bulgulardır. Sonuç: Voleybol;sosyal kimlik ve statü, toplumsal/ dikey hareketlilik, temsil/ özdeşleşme (filenin sultanları) ve kamusallaşma ekseninde kadın ve spor ilişkisinde pozitif işlevlere sahip bir sosyal kurum biçiminde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son tahlilde; kadın sporcuyu görünür kılan ve toplumdaki temsil düzeyini arttıran voleybolun diğer yandan yaygın toplumsal cinsiyet algısını toplumda ve kendi bünyesindeki söylemlerle yeniden ürettiğini ileri sürmek mümkündür. Türkiye’de voleybol ve kadın ilişkisi toplumsal algıda, spora özgü kültürel dinamiklerde, medyada ve spor endüstrisinde cinsiyetçi bir eksende yeniden inşa edilmektedir.
Aim: In this study, the sports and social experiences of volleyball women were examined from a gender perspective. It is aimed to reveal the social factors affecting the institutionalization of volleyball as a women's sport in Turkey through the life experiences of women athletes and the effects and transformations of volleyball on women's identity and status.Materials and Methods:Purposeful sample was applied in this study. The sample group consists of 15 female athletes between the ages of 30-67 who have at least 10 years of volleyball experience between 1980-2019. The study is designed according to the qualitative research method–phenomenological pattern. A “semi-structured interview form” was used as data collection and data suitable for the research question was obtained from the through in-depth interviews. Interviews obtained by audio recordings are classified by content analysis and divided into themes. Results:The findings are divided into themes under four headings. The resolved themes are as: “socialization processes in volleyball”, “gender from the perspective of volleyball women”, “effects of volleyball on identity and status acquisition”, “problems and expectations of volleyball industry”. In socialization processes of women volleyball players, there are intergenerational differences and continuity related to gender relations,in Turkey volleyball is a social field in which widespread cultural meanings related to gender are reproduced and it is understood as a feminine sports practice. Representation/ identity/ visibility and income gains in public sphere, gender roles at home and volleyball are repeated and athletes are exposed to mobbing and harassment. Conclusions: Volleyball emerges in the form of a social institution with positive functions in relationship between women and sports on axis of social identity, status, social/ vertical mobility, representation/ identification (Sultans of the net) and forms of publicization. In the final analysis it is possible to argue that volleyball makes female athletes visible and increases the level of representation in the society on the other hand reproduces the widespread gender perception in society and within its own body.
Aim: In this study, the sports and social experiences of volleyball women were examined from a gender perspective. It is aimed to reveal the social factors affecting the institutionalization of volleyball as a women's sport in Turkey through the life experiences of women athletes and the effects and transformations of volleyball on women's identity and status.Materials and Methods:Purposeful sample was applied in this study. The sample group consists of 15 female athletes between the ages of 30-67 who have at least 10 years of volleyball experience between 1980-2019. The study is designed according to the qualitative research method–phenomenological pattern. A “semi-structured interview form” was used as data collection and data suitable for the research question was obtained from the through in-depth interviews. Interviews obtained by audio recordings are classified by content analysis and divided into themes. Results:The findings are divided into themes under four headings. The resolved themes are as: “socialization processes in volleyball”, “gender from the perspective of volleyball women”, “effects of volleyball on identity and status acquisition”, “problems and expectations of volleyball industry”. In socialization processes of women volleyball players, there are intergenerational differences and continuity related to gender relations,in Turkey volleyball is a social field in which widespread cultural meanings related to gender are reproduced and it is understood as a feminine sports practice. Representation/ identity/ visibility and income gains in public sphere, gender roles at home and volleyball are repeated and athletes are exposed to mobbing and harassment. Conclusions: Volleyball emerges in the form of a social institution with positive functions in relationship between women and sports on axis of social identity, status, social/ vertical mobility, representation/ identification (Sultans of the net) and forms of publicization. In the final analysis it is possible to argue that volleyball makes female athletes visible and increases the level of representation in the society on the other hand reproduces the widespread gender perception in society and within its own body.