Publication: İsviçre Hukuku örneğinde Türk medeni kanunu madde 47/II ile Türk ticaret kanunu tasarısı madde 353 üzerine düşünceler
Abstract
Türk Medeni Kanunu'nun (TMK) tüzel kişilere ilişkin hükümleri arasında yer alan m. 47/111 düzenlemesine göre "Amacı hukuka ve ahlaka aykırı olan kişi ve mal toplulukları tüzel kişilik kazanamazlar." Bu hüküm "Her şirket nev'ine mahsus hükümler mahfuz kalmak şartıyla Medeni Kanunun 45, 47, 48, 49 uncu maddeleri2 ve bu fasılda hüküm bulunmayan hususlar hakkında Borçlar Kanununun 520-541 inci maddeleri her şirket nev'inin mahiyetine uygun olduğu nispette, ticaret şirketleri hakkında da tatbik olunur" şeklindeki Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) m. 138 hükmüne binaen anonim şirketler hakkında da uygulama alanı bulabilecektir. Bu çerçevede çalışmada irdelenen temel hususlar hangi şartlar altında TMK m. 47/11 hükmünün anonim şirketler için geçerli olduğu, bu hükmün TMK m. 54/III3 ile olan ilişkisi, uygulamanın sonuçları ve (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Genel Kurulu'nda görüşülmekte olan) Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısı'nın (Tasarı) 353. maddesinin4 kanunlaşması durumunda bu iki (hatta üç) maddenin birlikte nasıl ve ne şekilde uygulanmak gerekeceğidir. Bunun yanı sıra bu çalışmada, Tapu Kanunu ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Kanunu çerçevesinde yabancıların Türkiye'de belli bir zaman aralığında, kurmuş oldukları şirketler vasıtasıyla, edindikleri gayrimenkullere ilişkin mülkiyet hakkı TMK m. 47/II ve TMK m. 54/III ekseninde ayrıca değerlendirilmiştir.
According to Art. 47/11 of the Turkish Civil Code, which is related to legal entities, "The communities of persons and assets with illegal or immoral scope cannot obtain legal entity." This article is also applicable for joint stock companies due to the Art. 138 of the Turkish Commercial Code which states "Articles 45, 47, 48, 49 of the Civil Code and Articles 520 to 541 of the Code of Obligations, in matters where no provisions exist in the said section, shall be applicable to commercial companies as appropriate to the nature of each type of company, provided that the provisions particular to each type of company are reserved." Within this framework, this manuscript is examining thoroughly under which circumstances Art. 47/11 of the Turkish Civil Code will be applicable for joint stock companies, its relation to the Art. 54/111 of the Turkish Civil Code, the results of the application of foresaid articles and how these two articles would work together with Art. 353 of the Draft Turkish Commercial Code, which is in the pipe line at the parliament, in case it enters into force. Besides this, property rights of foreign real persons which have been acquired through companies under the Land Registry Law and Foreign Direct Investment Law during a certain period of time, will be discussed within the framework of Art. 47/II and Art. 54/III of the Turkish Civil Code.
According to Art. 47/11 of the Turkish Civil Code, which is related to legal entities, "The communities of persons and assets with illegal or immoral scope cannot obtain legal entity." This article is also applicable for joint stock companies due to the Art. 138 of the Turkish Commercial Code which states "Articles 45, 47, 48, 49 of the Civil Code and Articles 520 to 541 of the Code of Obligations, in matters where no provisions exist in the said section, shall be applicable to commercial companies as appropriate to the nature of each type of company, provided that the provisions particular to each type of company are reserved." Within this framework, this manuscript is examining thoroughly under which circumstances Art. 47/11 of the Turkish Civil Code will be applicable for joint stock companies, its relation to the Art. 54/111 of the Turkish Civil Code, the results of the application of foresaid articles and how these two articles would work together with Art. 353 of the Draft Turkish Commercial Code, which is in the pipe line at the parliament, in case it enters into force. Besides this, property rights of foreign real persons which have been acquired through companies under the Land Registry Law and Foreign Direct Investment Law during a certain period of time, will be discussed within the framework of Art. 47/II and Art. 54/III of the Turkish Civil Code.