Publication: Öğrencilerde empati dolaylı utanma utanç ve suçluluk arasındaki ilişki : Kosova örneklemi
Abstract
Empati sayesinde insanlar birbirinin iç dünyasını anlayabilir. Karşı tarafın içsel süreçleri empati duygusu sayesinde aktarılır. Dolaylı utanma, utanç ve suçluluk duygularının empati ile ilişkili olduğu, birbiriyle örtüşen ve birbirini tamamlayan duygular olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ergenlik döneminin duygusal açıdan zor bir dönem olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. Ancak, ergenlik dönemindeki bireylerde bu kavramları araştıran çalışmaların sınırlı sayıda olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmadaki öğrencilerin büyük bir bölümü gelişim düzeyi olarak ergenlik dönemindedir. Öğrencilerde empati, dolaylı utanma ile utanç ve suçluluk konularıyla ilgili yapılan çalışmaların alanyazındaki boşluğu dolduracağı, farklı bir bakış açısı getireceği düşünülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı öğrencilerde empati, dolaylı utanma, utanç ve suçluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve etkileşimi incelemektir. İlaveten, söz konusu bu kavramların farklı demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nicel araştırma deseni ve ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın evreni Kosova’da Türkçe eğitim gören öğrencilerdir. Örneklem Kosova’da Türkçe eğitim veren ortaokul ve lise ve öğrencilerinden uygun örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen, araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden 12-21 yaş arası öğrencilerdir. 132’si kız 66’sı erkek olmak üzere toplam 198 öğrenci örneklem grubunu oluşturmuştur. Veri toplamak amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen bir adet kişisel bilgi (anket) formu ile birlikte üç adet ölçek kullanılmıştır. Ölçekler şu şekilde sıralanmıştır; Toronto Empati Ölçeği (Totan, Doğan ve Sapmaz, 2012), Çok Boyutlu Dolaylı Utanma Ölçeği (Albayrak, 2020), Sürekli Utanma ve Suçluluk Ölçeği (Bugay ve Demir, 2011). Veriler SPSS 26 paket analiz edilmiş ve anlamlılığı p<.05 düzeyinden test edilmiştir. Demografik faktörlerin ölçeklerden elde edilen puan ortalamaları üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla T testi ve Kruskal Wallis-H testi yapılmıştır. Ardından bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için pearson korelasyon analizi ve değişkenlerin birbiri üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisini belirlemek için regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Cinsiyet faktörüne göre yapılan analizlerde kızların erkeklere göre empati ve dolaylı utanma düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Utanç ve suçluluk alt boyutlarında ise; puan ortalamalarının utanç ve suçluluk boyutlarında kızların, gurur alt boyutunun ise erkeklerin lehine anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Yaş değişkenine göre veriler karşılaştırıldığında ise 18-21 yaş arası bireylerin gurur alt boyutu puan ortalamaları, diğer yaş gruplarına göre anlamlı biçimde farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Anne eğitim durumu İlkokul-Ortaokul, Lise, Lisans-Önlisans olanların utanç ve suçluluk düzeyi anne eğitim durumu yükseklisans olanlara göre anlamlı biçimde yüksektir. Analizlerde sözkonusu kavramlar arasında kardeş sayısı ve baba eğitim durumuna göre anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda empati ile dolaylı utanma, utanç ve suçluluk arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca empati ile dolaylı utanma, utanç ve suçluluk alt boyutları arasında da pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre empatiyi suçluluk alt boyutu, dolaylı utanma, utanç ve suçluluk toplam puanları yordamaktadır. Ulaşılan bulguları genelleyebilmek adına, daha büyük örneklem gruplarında konu ile ilgili benzer çalışmaların yapılması önerilmiştir.
Through empathy, people can understand each other's inner worlds. The inner processes of the people are conveyed to each other through empathy. It is known that vicarious embarrasmet, shame and guilt are interconnected feelings with empathy and are complementary feelings. It is a known fact that adolescence is a emotionally challenging period of life. However, it is observed that there is a limited number of studies investigating these concepts in adolescents. The vast majority of students in this study’s sample are in adolescence developmental period. It is expected that Studies on vicarious embarrassment, shame and guilt and empathy in students will fill the gap in the literature and bring a different perspective. This study aims to determine the relation between empathy, vicarious embarrrasment and guilt and shame. Moreover empathy, vicarious embarrrasment, guilt and shame was examined according to some demographic variables. Quentative reasearch method and relational reasearch model was used. The universe of the study is students of Turkish classes in Kosova. The sample was determined by convenience sampling method. It consists of 12-21 aged, 132 girl and 66 boy students which study at Turkish classes of Kosova primary and high schools. The questionnaire which is developed by the researcher to collect information about sociodemographic features of the students and three questionnaires were used. Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (Totan, Doğan and Sapmaz, 2012), Vicarious Embarrassment Scale (Albayrak, 2020), Trait Shame and Guilt Scale (Bugay&Demir, 2011) were used as a data collection tool. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 26 package program and tested for significance at the p<.05 level. Demographic factors were examined for their impact on the average scores obtained from the scales using T-test and Kruskal Wallis-H test. Then, pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between dependent variables, and regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive effects of variables on each other. Analyses conducted based on gender revealed that girls have higher levels of empathy and indirect shame compared to boys. However, in the dimensions of shame and guilt, it was observed that the average scores significantly favored girls, while in the dimension of pride, it favored boys. When comparing the data based on age, it was found that individuals aged 18-21 had significantly different scores in the pride sub-dimension compared to other age groups. Regarding maternal education level, individuals whose mothers had completed primary-middle school, high school, and undergraduate degrees had significantly higher levels of shame and guilt compared to those whose mothers had completed postgraduate education. No significant differences were found in the analyses based on the number of siblings and paternal education level. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between empathy and vicarious embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Additionally, positive significant relationships were found between empathy and vicarious embarrassment and shame and guilt sub-dimensions. According to the findings of the study, guilt sub-dimension, vicarious embarrassment and shame and guilt total points predicts empathy. To generalize the findings, it is recommended to conduct similar studies on larger sample groups.
Through empathy, people can understand each other's inner worlds. The inner processes of the people are conveyed to each other through empathy. It is known that vicarious embarrasmet, shame and guilt are interconnected feelings with empathy and are complementary feelings. It is a known fact that adolescence is a emotionally challenging period of life. However, it is observed that there is a limited number of studies investigating these concepts in adolescents. The vast majority of students in this study’s sample are in adolescence developmental period. It is expected that Studies on vicarious embarrassment, shame and guilt and empathy in students will fill the gap in the literature and bring a different perspective. This study aims to determine the relation between empathy, vicarious embarrrasment and guilt and shame. Moreover empathy, vicarious embarrrasment, guilt and shame was examined according to some demographic variables. Quentative reasearch method and relational reasearch model was used. The universe of the study is students of Turkish classes in Kosova. The sample was determined by convenience sampling method. It consists of 12-21 aged, 132 girl and 66 boy students which study at Turkish classes of Kosova primary and high schools. The questionnaire which is developed by the researcher to collect information about sociodemographic features of the students and three questionnaires were used. Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (Totan, Doğan and Sapmaz, 2012), Vicarious Embarrassment Scale (Albayrak, 2020), Trait Shame and Guilt Scale (Bugay&Demir, 2011) were used as a data collection tool. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 26 package program and tested for significance at the p<.05 level. Demographic factors were examined for their impact on the average scores obtained from the scales using T-test and Kruskal Wallis-H test. Then, pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between dependent variables, and regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive effects of variables on each other. Analyses conducted based on gender revealed that girls have higher levels of empathy and indirect shame compared to boys. However, in the dimensions of shame and guilt, it was observed that the average scores significantly favored girls, while in the dimension of pride, it favored boys. When comparing the data based on age, it was found that individuals aged 18-21 had significantly different scores in the pride sub-dimension compared to other age groups. Regarding maternal education level, individuals whose mothers had completed primary-middle school, high school, and undergraduate degrees had significantly higher levels of shame and guilt compared to those whose mothers had completed postgraduate education. No significant differences were found in the analyses based on the number of siblings and paternal education level. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between empathy and vicarious embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Additionally, positive significant relationships were found between empathy and vicarious embarrassment and shame and guilt sub-dimensions. According to the findings of the study, guilt sub-dimension, vicarious embarrassment and shame and guilt total points predicts empathy. To generalize the findings, it is recommended to conduct similar studies on larger sample groups.