Publication: Türk ve Suriye basın ve ceza kanunlarında basın suçları ve cezaları
Abstract
Türk ve Suriye Ceza ve basın yasalarında basın suç ve cezaları ile ilgili olarak tezimizde, öncellikle basın özgürlüğü üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu anlamda basının evrensel ölçülerde gelmiş olduğu konumu irdelenerek, genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Öncellikle Türk hukukunda basın, basın özgürlüğü ve basın özgürlüğünün sınırlarını çizen, yasal düzenlemeler sırasıyla ele alınmıştır. Siyasal demokrasinin ilkesi, mantıksal olarak savunabilir düşüncelerin halka benimsetilebileceğidir. İletişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişim ve buna bağlı yeni iletişim düzeni, toplumların çok yönlü ve çok boyutlu etkilenmelerine neden olmuştur. Söz konusu değişim, ülkelerin ekonomik, sosyoekonomik, politik, hatta ideolojik yapılanmalarında da etkili olmuş, coğrafya sınırları bir anlamda eski değerini yitirmiştir. İletişimde, mesafe olgusu da yeni boyutlar kazanmış, uzaklar yakınlaşmıştır. Anayasamızın 28. maddeleri basını özgürlüğü vurgusunu yapmış, kural olarak basının özgür olduğunu kabul etmiştir. Ancak her özgürlüğün sınırlarının olduğu gibi basını özgürlüğünün sınırlar da anaya ve diğer yasalar tarafından çizilmiştir. Genel Olarak Medyanın Önündeki Yasal Engeller veya İletişim Özgürlüğünün Geniş Boyut İçerisinde Sınırlanması Medya ya da iletişime ilişkin hak, özgürlük ve düzenlemelerin ele alınışında ilk başta başvurulan kaynak olarak Anayasa'ya bakıldığında, 1982 Anayasası’nın 25, 26, 27. maddelerinde, düşünce ve düşünceyi açıklamanın, bilim ve sanat özgürlüğünün açıklanmasından hemen sonra basın ve yayınla ilgili hükümler görülmektedir. Basın hürriyeti, yayın hakkı, basın araçlarının korunması ve basın dışı kitle haberleşme araçlarından yararlanma düzeltme ve cevap hakkı 28-32. maddeler arasında düzenlenmiştir. Ancak şunu hemen vurgulamakta yarar vardır ki, 25-32. maddeler arasındaki düzenleme alabildiğine yasaklayıcı, özgürlükleri sınırlandırıcı ve basının işlemesini, gelişimini ve yaygınlaşmasını önleyici özellikler taşımaktadır. Bununla beraber kişilik hakları gibi vazgeçilmez haklar bakımından dengenin sağlanması icap etmektedir . Konuyu anayasa dışında ele aldığımızda başta Basın Kanunu olmak üzere Ceza Kanunu'nda Ceza Muhakemeleri Usul Kanunu'nda, Terörle Mücadele Kanunu'nda, Çıkar Amaçlı Suç Örgütleri ile Mücadele Kanunu'nda ve diğer bazı kanunlarda medyanın işleyişi ile ilgili engel niteliğinde kuralların yer aldığı saptanabilmektedir. Örneğin Eski TCK 145, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 175, 192, 197, 229, 311, 312, 312/ a, 426, 480, 482. maddelerde yer alan yaptırımlarla birlikte suçlara ilişkin kurallar basın ve iletişim önündeki önemli engelleri oluşturmakta iken , Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu incelendiğinde pek çok suç biçiminin basın ve iletişim özgürlüğünü sınırlayıcı ve etkileyici biçimde düzenlendiği saptanmaktadır. Şöyle ki; İntihara teşvik (m. 84/ 3), Hakaret (m. 125/ 4), Haberleşmenin Gizliliğinin ihlali (m. 132/ 4), Kişiler arasındaki Konuşmaların Dinlenmesi (m. 133/ 3), Özel Hayatın Gizliliğinin İhlali (m. 134/ 2), Verileri Hukuka Aykırı Olarak Yayılması (m. 136), Nitelikli Dolandırıcılık (m. 158/ 1-g), Kamu Barışına Karşı Suçlar (m. 213-218), Suç işlemek için Örgüt Kurma (m. 220/ 8), Müstehcenlik (m. 226/ 2, 5), İftira (m. 267), Yargı Görevi Yapanı Etkileme (m. 277/ 1), Soruşturma Gizliliğini İhlal Etme (m. 285/ 3), Kovuşturmada Ses ve Görüntüleri Kayda Alma (286/ 1), Adil Yargılamayı Etkilemeye Teşebbüs Etme (288/ 2), Devlete Karşı Savaşa Tahrik (m. 304/ 1), Temel Milli Yararlara Karşı Hareket (m. 305/ 2), Halkı Askerlikten Soğutma (m. 318/ 2), Askerleri İtaatsizliğe Teşvik (m. 31 9/ 2), Savaşta Yalan Haber Yayma (m. 323), Devletin Güvenliğine ve Siyasal Yararlarına ilişkin Bilgileri Açıklama (m. 329/ 1, 336/ 1, 337/ 1) gibi maddelerde fiilin basın yayın aracılığıyla işlenmesi, suçun unsuru veya ağırlaştırıcı sebebi olarak doğrudan doğruya yazılmış veya bunlardan sadece birkaçında aleni olarak işlenme veya açıklama gibi terimlerle basınla ilişkiler kurulmuştur. Diğer yandan yeni yürürlüğe giren Basın Yasası özellikle , 1. Cevap ve Düzeltme Yazısını Yayınlamamak ,2. Yargıyı Etkileme , 3. Belirli Eylemlere Özendirme , 4. Kimliği Açıklama Suçu , gibi hususları basın suçları olarak nitelendirmiştir. Eski ve yeni Ceza yasaları bakımından basın suçlarında cezai sorumluluk sistemi ile alınmıştır. Önceki Yasa Cezai sorumluluk hususunda ; Birlikte sorumluluk esasını getiriş iken , yeni yasa öncellikle sorumlu yazı işleri müdürünü sorumlu tutmuştur. Suriye basın kanunu Basın Yayın ile ilgili bütün esasları düzenleyen 22.09.2001 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 50 sayılı basın kanunu basın hukukunu ve basın yolu ile işlenecek suçları ve bunlara verilecek cezaları düzenlemektedir. 1) Cinayet ve yaralama olaylarının araştırılmasında önemli bilgileri içeren belgeleri yayınlamak, 3) İhanet ve iftira davalarını içeren konular yayınlamak. 4) Talak nesep vb. şahıs ve aile hukukunu ilgilendiren konuları yayınlamak. 5) Suriye halk meclisi müzakere tutanaklarını yayınlamak. 6) Vatanın güvenliğine, toplumun birliğine, ordunun güvenliğine, zarar verecek yazı ve makaleler yayınlamak. 7) Özel hayatı ilgilendiren yazmak ve yayınlamayı suç olarak düzenlemiştir. Özellikle basını ilgilendiren konular bu madde kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Bu anlamda ortaya konulmuş bulunan suç tipleri ve bunlara verilecek cezalar daha çok farklı maddeler ve farklı baplarda ele alınmış iken Suriye Basın Yasası ülkemiz basın yasasından farklılık göstermektedir. Suriye basın yasası 1’ci maddesinde, Yazılı ve basılı yayın bütün çeşitleriyle kanuni bir hüküm bulunmadıkça serbesttir. (suç ve cezanın kanuniliği) hükmünü koyduktan sonra basının kural olarak özgür ve serbest olduğunu belirtmektedir. Diğer yandan ,Suriye’de şu anda 22.06.1949 tarihli 148 nolu Suriye Ceza Kanunu yürürlükte bulunmaktadır. Suriye Ceza Kanunun 208. maddesinden başlanmak suretiyle basın yayın yolu ile işlenen suçlar düzenlenmektedir. Ceza yasasının bu faslın birinci babın da basın yolu ile işlenen suçların genel mahiyeti, bu suçları işleniş biçimi, işlenme yolları, suçun siyasi olup olmadığı, basın yolu ile işlenen suçlarda aleniyet, aleniyetin tarifi aleniyetin yolları, çeşitleri aleniyetin kullanım yolları, aleniyette kasıt gibi hususlar işlenmektedir. Özellikle basın yolu ile işlenecek suçlarda aleniyet prensibi özerinde durulmuştur. Bu suçu oluşumu değişik maddelerde düzenlenmekle beraber çoğunda aleniyet unsuru aranmıştır. Bunlar da, Genel Mekân, Kamuya Açık Mahal, Elektronik Aygıtlar Aracılığıyla Yayınlanma, Dağıtım , )Sergileme , Satışa Sunma ve Satma hallerinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Basın yolu ile işlenebilecek suçlar olarak, -Suçlama , 2-Karalama , 3-Tahkir , şeklinde suçların basın yayın yolu ile işlenmesi hallerinde verilecek cezalar öngörülmüştür. Türk ve Suriye Ceza ve Basın Mevzuatları bakımından basın suç ve cezalarının genel bir karşılaştırması yapılacak olursa , az da olsa ortak yönlerin olması sözkonusu olmakla beraber, esasta çok ince ayrıntılar halinde farklılıklar arz etmektedir. Öncellikle Suriye Ceza Hukukunda ülkenin kendine has yönetimi ve kendi ülke gerçekleri doğrultusunda yasalar ihdas edilmiştir. Bu Yasal düzenlemeler Türkiye de prensip olarak daha çok özgürlükçü bir yapıyı esas almışken, Suriye ceza hukuku genel olarak her konuda, özelde basın konusunda, kısıtlayıcı, ifade ve yayın özürlüğünü sınırlayıcı düzenlemeler getrmiştir.
The emphasis is primarily on press freedom in our thesis related to press and criminal laws in Turkish and Syrian Laws. In this sense, a general evaluation has been conducted by studying the position where press has reached to, in universal measures. Primarily, Press in Turkish Law, Press Freedom, and the legal regulations which determine the limitations of press freedom have been considered respectively. The principle of political democracy is having the public admit the views which can be defended rationally. The rapid development in communication technologies and new communication order related to this caused societies to be influenced in multidirectional and multidimensional. The mentioned change has affected the economical, socio-economical, political, and even, the ideological structuring of the countries, and geographical borders, in a sense, has lost their old meaning. In communication, the fact of distance has also acquired new dimensions, and far has become nearer. 28th articles of our Constitution have emphasized on press freedom, and, as a rule, accepted the press as being free. But, the constitution and other laws have also drawn the borders of press freedom as every freedom has borders. In general, when the legal barriers to press or the limitation in a large dimension of Communication Freedom, the right, freedom end regulations related to press or communication are considered, and as the Constitution has been examined as a first source to be applied at the beginning, the sentences about press and publishing has been appeared just after the articles 25, 26, 27 (opinion and explaining the opinion, art and science freedom) in the Constitution of 1982. Press freedom, publishing right, the protection of press tools, and the use, correction, and answer right of the mass media instruments outside of press have been regulated in between 28 and 32 articles. But, there is a benefit to stress that the regulations in the articles in between 25 and 32 have characteristics as prohibitive, restrictive for freedoms, and preventive for press to work, develop and become widespread as much as possible. Besides, in terms of indispensable rights like personal rights, the balance should be provided. When we consider the subject outside of the Constitution, It can be determined that the rules as barrier are involved related to press to work in Criminal Law, Criminal Trials Procedure Law, Fight with Terror Law, Fight with Criminal Organizations Law, and some other laws as Press Law at first. For example, as the sanctions and the rules, related to the crimes in the articles 145, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 175, 192, 197, 229, 311, 312, 312/ a, 426, 480, 482 of the old Turkish Criminal Law (TCL), constitute the important obstacles against the press and communication, it can be determined that many crime types have been regulated in a restrictive and effective way, in the examination of the new TCL. In such a manner that; it is stated that performing the act through the press-publication is written, as an element of a crime or an increasing cause of a crime, directly or established relations with press by adding terms like “acting publicly” or “explanation” in the articles like Encouraging for Suicide (a. 84/ 3), Insult (a. 125/ 4), the Violation of Communication Confidentiality (a. 132/ 4), the Listening of Talks Between People (a. 133/ 3), the Violation of Private Life Confidentiality (a. 134/ 2), the Illegal Publishing of Data (a. 136), Qualified Swindling (a. 158/ 1-g), the Crimes Against Public Peace (a. 213-218), Establishing an Organization to Commit a Crime (a. 220/ 8), Obscenity (a. 226/ 2,5), Slander (a. 267), Affecting People Applying the Law Duty (a. 277/ 1), the Violation of Investigation Confidentiality (a. 285/ 3), Recording Voice and Images in Investigation (a. 285/ 3), Attempt to Influence the Just Judging (288/ 2), Provocation Against the State (a. 304/ 1), Action Against Base National Benefits (a. 305/ 2), Alienate Public to the Military Profession (a. 318/ 2), Encouraging Soldiers to be Disobedient (a. 31 9/ 2), Broadcasting False News in War (a. 323), Disclosing the Information Related to the Security and Political Benefit of the State (a. 329/ 1, 336/ 1, 337/ 1). On the other hand, the Press Law to go into effect, especially, has described cases like, 1. Not to publish answer and correction article, 2. Influencing Judgment, 3. Encouraging for Certain Actions, 4. Disclosing the Identity, as press crimes. The criminal responsibility in press crimes in terms of old and new criminal laws has been taken with its system. As there was a joint responsibility in the former criminal responsibility case, new law primarily blames the responsible editing manager. Syrian Press Law regulates press law and crimes through press and the punishment for these in Press Law 50 to go into effect on 22.09.2001 regulating all matters related to press and broadcast. It regulated the matters as crimes: 1)Publishing the documents containing important information in the investigation of murder and wounding cases. 2)Publishing subjects containing betrayal and slander. 4)Publishing subjects related with family or person law like origin, ancestry. 5)Publishing the minutes of Syrian Public Council Discussions. 6)Publishing the articles and writings to damage the homeland security, public unity, military security. 7)Writing and publishing the articles concerning with private life. Especially, the matters related with press have been considered in the scope of this article. In this sense, Syrian Press Law differs from our press law while the crime types created and the punishments for these have been considered in very different articles and parts. In the 1st article of Syrian Press Law, written and published press is free with all varieties unless a legal sentence is existed. After inserting the verdict of the legality of crime and punishment, it clarifies that the press is free and unrestricted as a rule. On the other hand, presently in Syria, Syrian Criminal Law 148 date on 22.06.1949 is in force. The crimes conducted through press have been regulated in the articles starting with Syrian Criminal Law 208. In the first part of this chapter of Criminal Law, the cases, like the general nature of the crimes conducted through press, conducting way of these crimes, the crime is political or not, the publicity in the crimes conducted through press, the description of publicity, the ways of publicity, using ways of publicity, criminal intention against publicity, have been conducted. Especially it has been emphasized on the publicity principle in the crimes to be conducted through press. However the formation of this crime has been regulated in various articles, in most of the cases, the publicity element has been in demand. These appear in cases of General Place, Place Open to Public, Publishing through the Electronic Devices, Distribution, Exposing, Offering to Sale and Sale. The crimes that can be conducted through press as 1- Accusation 2- Slander, 3- Insulting has been exposed and punishments has been projected for cases that these crimes to be conducted through press. If we make a general comparison between press law and punishments of two countries from the point of Turkish and Syrian Criminal and Press Laws, in foundation, we can see differences in fine details where as we can talk about some little similarities. Primarily, in Syrian Criminal Law, the laws have been made according to the unique management style and its own realities. Although these legal regulations has founded on more liberal way In Turkey as a principle, Syrian Criminal Law put regulations as restrictive, limitative for expression and broadcast freedom, generally on any matter and in specific on press.
The emphasis is primarily on press freedom in our thesis related to press and criminal laws in Turkish and Syrian Laws. In this sense, a general evaluation has been conducted by studying the position where press has reached to, in universal measures. Primarily, Press in Turkish Law, Press Freedom, and the legal regulations which determine the limitations of press freedom have been considered respectively. The principle of political democracy is having the public admit the views which can be defended rationally. The rapid development in communication technologies and new communication order related to this caused societies to be influenced in multidirectional and multidimensional. The mentioned change has affected the economical, socio-economical, political, and even, the ideological structuring of the countries, and geographical borders, in a sense, has lost their old meaning. In communication, the fact of distance has also acquired new dimensions, and far has become nearer. 28th articles of our Constitution have emphasized on press freedom, and, as a rule, accepted the press as being free. But, the constitution and other laws have also drawn the borders of press freedom as every freedom has borders. In general, when the legal barriers to press or the limitation in a large dimension of Communication Freedom, the right, freedom end regulations related to press or communication are considered, and as the Constitution has been examined as a first source to be applied at the beginning, the sentences about press and publishing has been appeared just after the articles 25, 26, 27 (opinion and explaining the opinion, art and science freedom) in the Constitution of 1982. Press freedom, publishing right, the protection of press tools, and the use, correction, and answer right of the mass media instruments outside of press have been regulated in between 28 and 32 articles. But, there is a benefit to stress that the regulations in the articles in between 25 and 32 have characteristics as prohibitive, restrictive for freedoms, and preventive for press to work, develop and become widespread as much as possible. Besides, in terms of indispensable rights like personal rights, the balance should be provided. When we consider the subject outside of the Constitution, It can be determined that the rules as barrier are involved related to press to work in Criminal Law, Criminal Trials Procedure Law, Fight with Terror Law, Fight with Criminal Organizations Law, and some other laws as Press Law at first. For example, as the sanctions and the rules, related to the crimes in the articles 145, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 175, 192, 197, 229, 311, 312, 312/ a, 426, 480, 482 of the old Turkish Criminal Law (TCL), constitute the important obstacles against the press and communication, it can be determined that many crime types have been regulated in a restrictive and effective way, in the examination of the new TCL. In such a manner that; it is stated that performing the act through the press-publication is written, as an element of a crime or an increasing cause of a crime, directly or established relations with press by adding terms like “acting publicly” or “explanation” in the articles like Encouraging for Suicide (a. 84/ 3), Insult (a. 125/ 4), the Violation of Communication Confidentiality (a. 132/ 4), the Listening of Talks Between People (a. 133/ 3), the Violation of Private Life Confidentiality (a. 134/ 2), the Illegal Publishing of Data (a. 136), Qualified Swindling (a. 158/ 1-g), the Crimes Against Public Peace (a. 213-218), Establishing an Organization to Commit a Crime (a. 220/ 8), Obscenity (a. 226/ 2,5), Slander (a. 267), Affecting People Applying the Law Duty (a. 277/ 1), the Violation of Investigation Confidentiality (a. 285/ 3), Recording Voice and Images in Investigation (a. 285/ 3), Attempt to Influence the Just Judging (288/ 2), Provocation Against the State (a. 304/ 1), Action Against Base National Benefits (a. 305/ 2), Alienate Public to the Military Profession (a. 318/ 2), Encouraging Soldiers to be Disobedient (a. 31 9/ 2), Broadcasting False News in War (a. 323), Disclosing the Information Related to the Security and Political Benefit of the State (a. 329/ 1, 336/ 1, 337/ 1). On the other hand, the Press Law to go into effect, especially, has described cases like, 1. Not to publish answer and correction article, 2. Influencing Judgment, 3. Encouraging for Certain Actions, 4. Disclosing the Identity, as press crimes. The criminal responsibility in press crimes in terms of old and new criminal laws has been taken with its system. As there was a joint responsibility in the former criminal responsibility case, new law primarily blames the responsible editing manager. Syrian Press Law regulates press law and crimes through press and the punishment for these in Press Law 50 to go into effect on 22.09.2001 regulating all matters related to press and broadcast. It regulated the matters as crimes: 1)Publishing the documents containing important information in the investigation of murder and wounding cases. 2)Publishing subjects containing betrayal and slander. 4)Publishing subjects related with family or person law like origin, ancestry. 5)Publishing the minutes of Syrian Public Council Discussions. 6)Publishing the articles and writings to damage the homeland security, public unity, military security. 7)Writing and publishing the articles concerning with private life. Especially, the matters related with press have been considered in the scope of this article. In this sense, Syrian Press Law differs from our press law while the crime types created and the punishments for these have been considered in very different articles and parts. In the 1st article of Syrian Press Law, written and published press is free with all varieties unless a legal sentence is existed. After inserting the verdict of the legality of crime and punishment, it clarifies that the press is free and unrestricted as a rule. On the other hand, presently in Syria, Syrian Criminal Law 148 date on 22.06.1949 is in force. The crimes conducted through press have been regulated in the articles starting with Syrian Criminal Law 208. In the first part of this chapter of Criminal Law, the cases, like the general nature of the crimes conducted through press, conducting way of these crimes, the crime is political or not, the publicity in the crimes conducted through press, the description of publicity, the ways of publicity, using ways of publicity, criminal intention against publicity, have been conducted. Especially it has been emphasized on the publicity principle in the crimes to be conducted through press. However the formation of this crime has been regulated in various articles, in most of the cases, the publicity element has been in demand. These appear in cases of General Place, Place Open to Public, Publishing through the Electronic Devices, Distribution, Exposing, Offering to Sale and Sale. The crimes that can be conducted through press as 1- Accusation 2- Slander, 3- Insulting has been exposed and punishments has been projected for cases that these crimes to be conducted through press. If we make a general comparison between press law and punishments of two countries from the point of Turkish and Syrian Criminal and Press Laws, in foundation, we can see differences in fine details where as we can talk about some little similarities. Primarily, in Syrian Criminal Law, the laws have been made according to the unique management style and its own realities. Although these legal regulations has founded on more liberal way In Turkey as a principle, Syrian Criminal Law put regulations as restrictive, limitative for expression and broadcast freedom, generally on any matter and in specific on press.