Publication: Türkiye’nin Arap Baharı’ndan önce ve sonra Orta Doğu ülkeleri ile ilişkileri : Türkiye’nin Suriye ve Irak ilişkilerinde İran rekabetinin etkisi
Abstract
Türkiye ve İran'ın Irak ve Suriye üzerinde hukuksal boyutlara varan rekabetleri günümüze kadar devam etmektedir. Bu araştırma, 6 yy. Türk ve İran tarihlerinden başlayarak iki milletin günümüz Orta Doğu coğrafyasını ele geçirmek için verdiği mücadeleyi esas almaktadır. Sürekli bu iki millet arasında yapılan savaşlarla el değişen bölgeler uzun bir süre Arapların eline geçse de yönetimin Araplarda kalmasıyla birlikte 9 yy.da yavaş yavaş Türk ve Fars etkisi altına girmeye başlamıştır. Orta Doğu’da Türkler ve Farslar arasında mücadele verilen yerler içerisinde konumuz olan Irak ve Suriye’ye baktığımız zaman 9 yy.da Türkler fiili olarak Irak’a hâkim olmuşlardır. O dönemde İranlıların da Irak üzerinde büyük etkisi vardı ve bürokratik sistemde hâkim konumdalardı. Orduyu yöneten Türkler ve bürokraside söz sahibi İranlılar arasında Irak için o dönemlerde başlayan rekabet 1055 yılında Türklerin tamamen Irak’ı ele geçirmeleri sonrası İran unsurlarını bölgeden atmasıyla beraber düşmanlığa dönüşmüş ve günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Daha sonra Selçuklular ve Osmanlılarla devam eden bu mücadeleler sonucunda kısa süreli el değişmesine rağmen Irak I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar fiilî olarak Türk kontrolünde kalmıştır. Irak’ta bir diğer rekabet ve savaş unsuru ise hiç şüphesiz Türklerin Sünni İslam’ı, İranlıların ise Şii mezhebini yayma girişimleriydi. Bu da Irak halkını 2 ayrı kutba bölerek günümüze kadar etkisini devam ettirmektedir. Irak’ın bağımsızlığı sonra da Türkler ve İranlılar arasında rekabet devam etmiş ve günümüze kadar halen etmektedir. Bu rekabet Arap Baharı sonrası daha da artarak Irak’ın yönetim biçiminden başlayarak nüfusunun bir kısmını oluşturan Kürtlere kadar sirayet etmektedir. Kürtlerin kendi aralarında bile yaptıkları savaşlarda Türkiye ve İran taraf olmuşlardır. Türkler iç savaşta KDP’yi, İranlılar ise KYB’yi askeri olarak desteklemiştir. Türkiye ve İran’ın rekabet ettiği bir diğer Orta Doğu ülkesi ise 12 senedir iç savaşla uğraşan Suriye’dir. Türkler ve Fars’lar eski dönemlerde bu bölge içinde savaşmış ve birbirleriyle rekabet etmişlerdir. Fakat 1516’da Türk yönetimine giren bölge I. Dünya Savaşı’na kadar İranlıların fazla etkisine maruz kalmamıştır. Bölgenin Türk idaresinden çıkması ve Fransız işgali sonrası bağımsızlığını kazanması sırasında Hatay’ın Türkiye’ye katılması Türkiye-Suriye ilişkilerini kötü etkileyerek 1998 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Türkiye-Suriye arasında o tarihten sonra ilişkilerde başlayan düzelme Arap Baharı sonrası yeniden bozularak Suriye’yi Türkiye ve İran arasında rekabet meydanına dönüştürmüştür. İran’ın 1970 yılında Suriye ile kurulan yakın ilişkileri 1979 İran Devrimi’nden sonra daha güçlü bir şekilde devam ederek müttefiklik ilişkilerine dönüşmüş ve Suriye İç Savaşı’nda İran maddi yardımların yanı sıra askerî olarak da Suriye rejiminin yanında durmuştur. İran’ın İç Savaşa dâhil olması Türkiye’nin Muhalifleri destekleyerek savaşa dâhil olmasına etki etmiştir. Suriye’de farklı cephelerde bulunan Türkiye ve İran zaman zaman Suriye gündemiyle toplansalar da günümüze kadar istenen sonuç çıkmamıştır.
The rivalries of Turkey and Iran over Iraq and Syria continue until today, reaching legal dimensions. This research is based on the struggle of two nations to seize today's Middle East geography, starting from the 6th century Turkish and Iranian histories. Although the regions that changed hands with the wars between these two nations passed into the hands of the Arabs for a long time, they gradually began to come under the influence of Turks and Persians in the 9th century with the administration remaining in the Arabs. When we look at Iraq and Syria, which is our subject among the places where there was a struggle between Turks and Persians in the Middle East, the Turks actually dominated Iraq in the 9th century. At that time, the Iranians also had great influence over Iraq and dominated the bureaucratic system. The rivalry that started at that time for Iraq between the Turks who led the army and the Iranians who had a say in the bureaucracy turned into hostility in 1055 when the Turks expelled the Iranian elements from the region after the Turks completely seized Iraq and has survived to the present day. Despite the short-term change of hands as a result of these struggles, which continued with the Seljuks and the Ottomans, Iraq remained under Turkish control until the First World War. Another element of rivalry and war in Iraq was undoubtedly the attempts of the Turks to spread Sunni Islam and the Iranians to spread the Shia sect. This divides the Iraqi people into 2 separate poles and continues its effect until today. After the independence of Iraq, the rivalry between Turks and Iranians continued and still continues to this day. This rivalry increases even more after the Arab Spring and extends from the form of government of Iraq to the Kurds, who constitute a part of its population. Turkey and Iran have taken sides in the wars waged by the Kurds even among themselves. The Turks supported the KDP militarily in the civil war, while the Iranians supported the PUK militarily. Another Middle Eastern country in which Turkey and Iran are competing is Syria, which has been in the midst of a civil war for 12 years. Turks and Persians fought and competed with each other in this region in ancient times. However, the region, which came under Turkish rule in 1516, was not exposed to much influence by the Iranians until World War I. Hatay's annexation to Turkey during the independence of the region from Turkish rule and after the French occupation, had a negative impact on Turkey-Syria relations, which continued until 1998. The improvement in relations between Turkey and Syria since then has deteriorated again after the Arab Spring, turning Syria into a rivalry arena between Turkey and Iran. Iran's close relations with Syria, which were established in 1970, continued to be stronger after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and turned into alliance relations, and in the Syrian Civil War, Iran stood by the Syrian regime militarily as well as material aid. Iran's involvement in the civil war affected Turkey's involvement in the war by supporting the opposition. Although Turkey and Iran, which are on different fronts in Syria, have met from time to time with the Syrian agenda, the desired results have not been achieved so far.
The rivalries of Turkey and Iran over Iraq and Syria continue until today, reaching legal dimensions. This research is based on the struggle of two nations to seize today's Middle East geography, starting from the 6th century Turkish and Iranian histories. Although the regions that changed hands with the wars between these two nations passed into the hands of the Arabs for a long time, they gradually began to come under the influence of Turks and Persians in the 9th century with the administration remaining in the Arabs. When we look at Iraq and Syria, which is our subject among the places where there was a struggle between Turks and Persians in the Middle East, the Turks actually dominated Iraq in the 9th century. At that time, the Iranians also had great influence over Iraq and dominated the bureaucratic system. The rivalry that started at that time for Iraq between the Turks who led the army and the Iranians who had a say in the bureaucracy turned into hostility in 1055 when the Turks expelled the Iranian elements from the region after the Turks completely seized Iraq and has survived to the present day. Despite the short-term change of hands as a result of these struggles, which continued with the Seljuks and the Ottomans, Iraq remained under Turkish control until the First World War. Another element of rivalry and war in Iraq was undoubtedly the attempts of the Turks to spread Sunni Islam and the Iranians to spread the Shia sect. This divides the Iraqi people into 2 separate poles and continues its effect until today. After the independence of Iraq, the rivalry between Turks and Iranians continued and still continues to this day. This rivalry increases even more after the Arab Spring and extends from the form of government of Iraq to the Kurds, who constitute a part of its population. Turkey and Iran have taken sides in the wars waged by the Kurds even among themselves. The Turks supported the KDP militarily in the civil war, while the Iranians supported the PUK militarily. Another Middle Eastern country in which Turkey and Iran are competing is Syria, which has been in the midst of a civil war for 12 years. Turks and Persians fought and competed with each other in this region in ancient times. However, the region, which came under Turkish rule in 1516, was not exposed to much influence by the Iranians until World War I. Hatay's annexation to Turkey during the independence of the region from Turkish rule and after the French occupation, had a negative impact on Turkey-Syria relations, which continued until 1998. The improvement in relations between Turkey and Syria since then has deteriorated again after the Arab Spring, turning Syria into a rivalry arena between Turkey and Iran. Iran's close relations with Syria, which were established in 1970, continued to be stronger after the 1979 Iranian Revolution and turned into alliance relations, and in the Syrian Civil War, Iran stood by the Syrian regime militarily as well as material aid. Iran's involvement in the civil war affected Turkey's involvement in the war by supporting the opposition. Although Turkey and Iran, which are on different fronts in Syria, have met from time to time with the Syrian agenda, the desired results have not been achieved so far.
Description
Keywords
Arab Spring, 2010, Arab Sspring, Arap Baharı, Arap Baharı, 2010, Dış ilişkiler, Foreign relations, Irak, Irak için Türkiye-İran rekabeti, Iranian, Iraq, İran, Midle East, Orta Doğu, Suriye, Suriye’de Türkiye-İran rekabetiIraq, Syria, Turkey, Turkey-Iran competition for Iraq, Turkey-Iran rivalry in Syria, Turkey-Iraq relations, Turkish-Persian rivalry, Türk-Fars rekabeti, Türkiye, Türkiye-Irak ilişkileri
