Publication: Satı Bey’in eğitim ile ilgili görüşleri
Abstract
Bu araştırma Sâtı Bey'in süreli yayınlarındaki makalelerinden yola çıkarak onun eğitim görüşlerini incelemeyi, sosyal meselelerimize yaklaşımını ele alarak dönemin eğitim meselelerine ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma Sâtı Bey'in Türkiye'deki hayatı ve Türkçe eserleri ile sınırlanmaktadır. Mustafa Satı el Husri aslen Arap'tır. 1880'de Yemen'de doğmuş, 1909'da Mülkiye Mektebi'ni bitirmiştir. Balkan şehirlerinde kaymakamlık görevlerinden sonra beş yıl tabiiye (fen bilgisi) öğretmenliği yapmıştır. 1908'de harap bir halde bulunan İstanbul Darulmuallimîn'i müdürlüğünü kabul ederek bu okulu kısa sürede ıslah etmiştir. 1909'da iki ciltlik Fenn-i Terbiye kitabını yayımlamıştır. Bu kitap döneminde yazılmış ilk geniş çaplı pedagoji kitabıdır. Sâtı Bey'in eğitim anlayışı batı eğitimcilerinin özellikle Fransız H. Spencer'in eğitim anlayışından etkilenmiştir. Diğer taraftan Tedrisat-ı İptidaiye Mecmuası, Terbiye gibi eğitim dergilerinin başyazarlığını yapmış, Envar-ı Ulum adlı bir dergi de yayımlamıştır. Muallim ve Ulum-u İktisadiye ve İctimaiye vb. eğitim dergilerinde eğitim ile ilgili yazıları yayımlanmıştır. Sâtı Bey'e göre eğitim, ferdi, zihin, beden ve ahlaki yetkinliğinin son noktasına kadar çıkarmak suretiyle, kendi mutluluğuyla birlikte çevresinin de mutluluğunu sağlayacak bir şekilde yetiştirmektir. Sâtı Bey eğitimi ferdi, ruhi bir olay olarak ele almış, psikolojinin verilerine dayanmıştır. Öğretimde takrir metodu yerine tekşif( keşfettirici, buldurucu) yöntemi benimseyen Sâtı Bey elifba, ilm-i hal, tarih ve coğrafya öğretimi için özel metotlar sunmuştur. Özellikle Ziya Gökalp ve Emrullah efendi ile ilmi tartışmalar yapmıştır. Ahlak eğitimini eğitimin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak telakki etmiş, ahlaki sorumluluğu ferdin vicdanına bağlı kılmak suretiyle dönemindeki geleneksel İslami anlayıştan ayrı düşmüştür. Fakat Sâtı Bey dinin toplumsal bir gerçek olduğu düşüncesinden hareket ederek din eğitimine de önem vermiş, dönemindeki batıcı aydınlar içinde din eğitimine atfettiği önem ile ayrılmıştır. Osmanlıcı, batıcı bir anlayışla, Osmanlı toplumunun sahip olduğu kültür, değer ve inançlarından ödün vermeksizin, eğitim yoluyla terakki ederek, batı medeniyetini yakalaması gerektiğine inanan, bu terakkinin ilk şartının azim ve sebat ile çalışmak olduğuna dikkat çeken Sâtı Bey, eğitim biliminin Türkiye'de anlaşılmasına en büyük katkıyı yapmış bir eğitimci olarak nitelenebilir.
THE OPINIONS OF SÂTI BEY REGARDING PEDOGOGICS This study intends to scrutinize the opinions of Sâtı Bey by means of his periodical articles and to enlighten the educational matters of his period by virtue of handling his approach to our social matters. The study is restricted by his life in Turkey and his literal works in Turkish. Mustafa Satı el-Husri is originally an Arab. He was born in the Yemen in 1880 and he graduated from the School of political science in 1909. Subsequent to being kaimakam in Balkan cities, he worked as a science teacher. In 1908 he accepted the directorship of the Darulmuallimin (a school for teachers) which was at that time totally ruined and in such a short period of time he managed to improve it. In 1909 he published his book named Fenn-i Terbiye consisting of 2 bindings. This book is the first book written about pedagogics in that period. His comprehension of education was influenced by pedagogic perceptiveness of the western pedagogists, especially by H. Spencer the French. On the other hand, he was appointed as the editorial writer of the pedogagic periodicals, namely the Terbiye and Tedrisat-ı İptidaiye, and he published a periodical named Envar-ı Ulum. His articles regarding pedogogics were published in pedogogic periodicals like the Muallim, Ulum-u Iktisadiye, Ictimaiye. Due to Sâtı Bey, education meant bringing up by means of trying to reach the extremes of personal, physical, moral and intellectual perfection in a way that while providing his/ her own happiness ensuring the happiness of the others. Sâtı Bey handled pedogogics as a personal, spritual event and based on the data of physicology. Sâtı Bey appropriated the discovering method instead of the explaining one and he improved some special methods for the Arabic alphabet, book for teaching the elements of religion, history and geography education. He had scientific discussions particularly with Ziya Gökalp and Emrullah Efendi. He perceived the moral education as an integral part of the general education and by means of attributing the moral liabilty onto the conscience of individual he stayed apart from the traditional islamic philosophy in his era. However, Sati Bey emphasised the religious education by deeming religion as a social truth and thus differed from the westernizer intellectuals in his age. Sâtı Bey, who believed that the Ottoman society should catch up with the western civilization by means of a western philosophy without making a concession pertaining to cultur, values and belief and who designated the principal conditon of this improvement as working with ambition and determination, could be described as a pedagogist who made the most significant contribution to the pedogogics science to be understood in Turkey.
THE OPINIONS OF SÂTI BEY REGARDING PEDOGOGICS This study intends to scrutinize the opinions of Sâtı Bey by means of his periodical articles and to enlighten the educational matters of his period by virtue of handling his approach to our social matters. The study is restricted by his life in Turkey and his literal works in Turkish. Mustafa Satı el-Husri is originally an Arab. He was born in the Yemen in 1880 and he graduated from the School of political science in 1909. Subsequent to being kaimakam in Balkan cities, he worked as a science teacher. In 1908 he accepted the directorship of the Darulmuallimin (a school for teachers) which was at that time totally ruined and in such a short period of time he managed to improve it. In 1909 he published his book named Fenn-i Terbiye consisting of 2 bindings. This book is the first book written about pedagogics in that period. His comprehension of education was influenced by pedagogic perceptiveness of the western pedagogists, especially by H. Spencer the French. On the other hand, he was appointed as the editorial writer of the pedogagic periodicals, namely the Terbiye and Tedrisat-ı İptidaiye, and he published a periodical named Envar-ı Ulum. His articles regarding pedogogics were published in pedogogic periodicals like the Muallim, Ulum-u Iktisadiye, Ictimaiye. Due to Sâtı Bey, education meant bringing up by means of trying to reach the extremes of personal, physical, moral and intellectual perfection in a way that while providing his/ her own happiness ensuring the happiness of the others. Sâtı Bey handled pedogogics as a personal, spritual event and based on the data of physicology. Sâtı Bey appropriated the discovering method instead of the explaining one and he improved some special methods for the Arabic alphabet, book for teaching the elements of religion, history and geography education. He had scientific discussions particularly with Ziya Gökalp and Emrullah Efendi. He perceived the moral education as an integral part of the general education and by means of attributing the moral liabilty onto the conscience of individual he stayed apart from the traditional islamic philosophy in his era. However, Sati Bey emphasised the religious education by deeming religion as a social truth and thus differed from the westernizer intellectuals in his age. Sâtı Bey, who believed that the Ottoman society should catch up with the western civilization by means of a western philosophy without making a concession pertaining to cultur, values and belief and who designated the principal conditon of this improvement as working with ambition and determination, could be described as a pedagogist who made the most significant contribution to the pedogogics science to be understood in Turkey.