Publication: Ortaçağ ve rönesans dönemi’nde anotomi tarihi
Abstract
Bu tez çalışmasında klasik uygarlığın 5. yüzyıldaki çöküşünü takiben Ortaçağ ve Rönesans dönemlerinde anatominin tarihi ve gelişim süreci iki ana bölümde ele alınmıştır. Ortaçağ'ın başında antik Yunan etkisinin zayıflamasıyla tıbbın gelişiminde bir durgunluk dönemi başlar. Buna karşın Bizans Dönemi'nin dört ansiklopedicisi; Oribasius, Aetius Amida, Tralles'li İskender ve Paulus Aegineta; Hippocrates, Aristotales, Soranus ve Galen dönemine ait Grek-Romen tıbbının korunmasını sağlarlar. Constantinus Africanus'un etkisiyle 11. yüzyılda Salerno'da anatomi eğitimi, Copho'nun Anatomia Porci sindeki hayvan diseksiyonlarına dayanılarak verilmeye başlanmıştır. İlk defa, doktorlara kadavra üzerinde anatomik çalışma yapma hakkı İmparator II. Frederick tarafından, Salerno'da verilmiştir (1240). 1200 yılından Ortaçağ sonlarına kadar Avrupa'da 80 üniversite kurulmuş ve bunlardan Bologna, Montpellier, Paris ve Padova'da anatomi konusunda önemli çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ortaçağ'da, Henri de Mondeville, William of Saliceto (Saliceto'lu William), Lanfranchi ve Guy de Chauliac gibi seçkin cerrahlar, cerrahi kitaplarına bir anatomi bölümü eklemişlerdir. 14. ve 15. yüzyıllarda Bologna, anatomi öğreniminin merkezi olarak kabul edilir. İnsan diseksiyonunun tekrar ele alındığı Bologna'da Mondino de Luzzi anatominin gelişimine önemli katkılarda bulunur. Ortaçağ'daki ilk anatomik diseksiyonların, genellikle şüpheli ölümlerin nedenini öğrenme gibi adli tıp gerekçelerinden kaynaklandığı görülmektedir. Bu tarihsel çalışmanın II. bölümünde, Rönesans'da anatomi tarihi incelenmiştir. 15. yüzyılda sanatçılar, insan anatomisine gittikçe artan bir ilgi duymuştur. Bu sanatçıların başında anatomik diseksiyonda da usta olan Leonardo Da Vinci gelmektedir. Vesalius döneminden önce Berengario, Benedetti, Sylvius, Vidius, Eichmann, Battista Canano ve Estienne gibi pek çok anatomist, kadavra diseksiyonu sonucu gözlemlerine dayalı olarak anatominin ilerlemesine katkıda bulunmuşlardır. 16. yüzyılda anatomide liderliği Padova ele geçirmiştir. Padova Üniversitesi'nin en ünlü temsilcisi Andreas Vesalius'tur. Eseri Fabrica, değerli ve pratik bir anatomi kitabıdır. Vesalius'tan sonra Padova Üniversitesi'nin anatomi geleneğini Colombo, Fallopius, Fabricius, Casserio, Spigelius gibi önemli anatomistler sürdürmüştür. HISTORY OF ANATOMY IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE PERIOD
The present historical study reviews the history of anatomy and the course of its development during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, following the downfall of classical civilization in the fifth century. During the earlier period of the Midde Ages, the attenuation of Greek originality led to stagnation of medical progress. However, four encyclopedic writers of the first part of the Byzantine period; Oribasius, Aetius Amida, Alexander of Tralles, and Paulus Aegineta preserved the full achievements of Hippocrates, Aristotales, Soranus, Galen in Greco-Roman medicine. In the 11th century, under the stimulus of Constantinus Africanus, anatomical instruction at Salerno was based upon the dissection of animals as set forth in the Anatomia Porci, of Copho. At Salerno, the Emporer Frederick II for the first time in history gave the right of studying anatomy on the cadaver (1240). From the year 1200 to the end of the Middle Ages about 80 universities were founded in Europe, of which Bologna, Montpellier, Paris, and Padua were most significant for their studies in anatomy. The eminent surgeons of the period, Henri de Mondeville, William of Saliceto, Lanfranchi, and Guy de Chauliac included in their surgical treatise a section for anatomy. During the 14th and 15th centuries, leadership in anatomy was at Bologna University. The interest of later periods in the Middle Ages centers in the revival of human dissections by Mondino de Luzzi of Bologna. The earliest dissections in the Middle Ages appear to have had an entirely medicolegal purpose, such as determining the cause of death in suspicious cases. Part II of this historical study examined the history of anatomy during the Renaissance period. The Renaissance artist of the 15th century became increasingly interested in the study of human anatomy. Among these artists who became adept at dissection was Leonardo Da Vinci. Before the time of Vesalius, Berengario, Benedetti, Sylvius, Vidius, Eichmann, Battista Canano, Estienne and many others contributed significantly to the progress of anatomy based on human dissections. Padua became the leader in anatomy from the 16th century on. The most important representative of Padua University is Andreas Vesalius whose achievements in anatomy were truly epochal. Still today, his Fabrica stands as a valuable and practical anatomical text. After Vesalius, his anatomical tradition at Padua was continued by several anatomists, among whom Colombo, Fallopius, Fabricius, Casserio, and Spigelius are noteworthy.
The present historical study reviews the history of anatomy and the course of its development during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, following the downfall of classical civilization in the fifth century. During the earlier period of the Midde Ages, the attenuation of Greek originality led to stagnation of medical progress. However, four encyclopedic writers of the first part of the Byzantine period; Oribasius, Aetius Amida, Alexander of Tralles, and Paulus Aegineta preserved the full achievements of Hippocrates, Aristotales, Soranus, Galen in Greco-Roman medicine. In the 11th century, under the stimulus of Constantinus Africanus, anatomical instruction at Salerno was based upon the dissection of animals as set forth in the Anatomia Porci, of Copho. At Salerno, the Emporer Frederick II for the first time in history gave the right of studying anatomy on the cadaver (1240). From the year 1200 to the end of the Middle Ages about 80 universities were founded in Europe, of which Bologna, Montpellier, Paris, and Padua were most significant for their studies in anatomy. The eminent surgeons of the period, Henri de Mondeville, William of Saliceto, Lanfranchi, and Guy de Chauliac included in their surgical treatise a section for anatomy. During the 14th and 15th centuries, leadership in anatomy was at Bologna University. The interest of later periods in the Middle Ages centers in the revival of human dissections by Mondino de Luzzi of Bologna. The earliest dissections in the Middle Ages appear to have had an entirely medicolegal purpose, such as determining the cause of death in suspicious cases. Part II of this historical study examined the history of anatomy during the Renaissance period. The Renaissance artist of the 15th century became increasingly interested in the study of human anatomy. Among these artists who became adept at dissection was Leonardo Da Vinci. Before the time of Vesalius, Berengario, Benedetti, Sylvius, Vidius, Eichmann, Battista Canano, Estienne and many others contributed significantly to the progress of anatomy based on human dissections. Padua became the leader in anatomy from the 16th century on. The most important representative of Padua University is Andreas Vesalius whose achievements in anatomy were truly epochal. Still today, his Fabrica stands as a valuable and practical anatomical text. After Vesalius, his anatomical tradition at Padua was continued by several anatomists, among whom Colombo, Fallopius, Fabricius, Casserio, and Spigelius are noteworthy.