Publication: Cüveynî’nin mu‘tezilî ahlak felsefesine yönelttiği eleştiriler
Abstract
Felsefe, psikoloji, sosyoloji gibi pek çok disiplin tarafından konu edilen ahlâk meselesi, İslâm kelâmında müstakil bir başlık olarak ele alınmamış fakat “hüsün-kubuh” ve “ta‘dîl-tecvîr” konuları içerisinde “iyi-kötü gibi temel ahlâkî değerlerin neliği”, “ahlâkın kaynağı”, “insanın ahlâkî önermelerin bilgisine nasıl ulaşacağı” ve “Tanrı fiillerinin ahlâkîliği” gibi soru ve sorunlar bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Mu‘tezile ekolü bu konuları “adalet” prensibi etrafında detaylandırırken; Eş‘arî ekol, Mu‘tezilî ahlâk anlayışına tepki olarak farklı bir ahlâkî paradigma kurmaya çalışmıştır. Çalışmamızda Cüveynî’nin, el-İrşâd adlı eserinde Mu‘tezile‘nin ahlâk düşüncesine yönelttiği eleştiriler bir örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Bu örneklem üzerinden Kelâm’ın mütekaddimûn döneminde ahlâk meselesinin nasıl ele alındığı irdelenmiş, Kelâm ilmindeki ahlâk tartışmalarının, ahlâk felsefesi tarihi içerisindeki konumu ve günümüz ahlâk tartışmaları ile bağlantı kurulabilmesinin imkânı tartışılmıştır.
The problems of ethics, which are majorly examined in philosophy, psychology, and sociology, are not discussed in independent chapters in Islamic theology (Kalam). However, they are addressed under specific chapters such as “Ḥusn and Qubḥ” (good and evil), and “Taʻdīl and Tajwīr” (justice and injustice) by interrogating these matters: the nature or essence of main moral values like good and bad, the origin(s) of morality, the means of knowing basic moral premises, and the morality of God’s acts. As the Muʻtazīlī school of theology elaborates these topics in the context of justice, the Ashʻarī school suggests new different ethical theories, which are developed as a reaction to the Muʻtazila. In this regard, I will examine the critiques of al-Juwaynī against the Muʻtazīlī theories of ethics focusing primarily on his book, al-Irshād. As I analyze the classical theologians’ understanding of ethics, known as mutaqaddimūn (predecessors), I also examine the stance and role of these approaches in the history of ethics, and the possibility of associating the ethical issues to modern problems of ethics.
The problems of ethics, which are majorly examined in philosophy, psychology, and sociology, are not discussed in independent chapters in Islamic theology (Kalam). However, they are addressed under specific chapters such as “Ḥusn and Qubḥ” (good and evil), and “Taʻdīl and Tajwīr” (justice and injustice) by interrogating these matters: the nature or essence of main moral values like good and bad, the origin(s) of morality, the means of knowing basic moral premises, and the morality of God’s acts. As the Muʻtazīlī school of theology elaborates these topics in the context of justice, the Ashʻarī school suggests new different ethical theories, which are developed as a reaction to the Muʻtazila. In this regard, I will examine the critiques of al-Juwaynī against the Muʻtazīlī theories of ethics focusing primarily on his book, al-Irshād. As I analyze the classical theologians’ understanding of ethics, known as mutaqaddimūn (predecessors), I also examine the stance and role of these approaches in the history of ethics, and the possibility of associating the ethical issues to modern problems of ethics.
