Publication: Türkiye’de finansal kiralama ve finansal kiralama işlemlerinin muhasebeleştirilmesi
Abstract
TÜRKİYE'DE FİNANSAL KİRALAMA VE FİNANSAL KİRALAMA İŞLEMLERİNİN MUHASEBELEŞTİRİLMESİ Dalyan Kocacıklıoğlu, İdil Muhasebe - Finansman Bilim Dalı Prof.Dr.Ümit Ataman İstanbul 1999 Bugünün sürekli gelişen teknolojisi, pazarda her geçen gün artan rekabet ve yaşanan enflasyonist ortamlar, yatırımların finansman modeli seçimine çok büyük önem kazandırmıştır. Firmaların gelişmeleri ve karlılıkları ancak yatırımlarda doğru finansman seçimi ve nakit yönetimlerindeki verimliliğin arttırılması ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Modern şekliyle, 1930'lu yıllarda Amerika ekonomisinde yaşanan krizden sonra girişimcilere finansman sağlayacak bir mekanizma olarak ortaya çıkan leasing, 1950'li yıllarda ABD'de, 1960'lı yıllarda Avrupa ve Japonya'da önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Türkiye'de ise, ekonominin 1980'li yılların başından itibaren hızla dışa açılmasıyla birlikte yeni finansman tekniklerinin gündeme gelmesi, leasingi Türk sanayicisi ile tanıştırmıştır. Leasing, sermaye birikimi yetersiz olan Türk finans sisteminde yatırımcıya orta ve uzun vadeli finansman imkanı sağlaması işlevi, sektörel boyutu ve yatırımların desteklenmesi yoluyla ülkenin gelişimine olan katkıları nedeniyle 1985 yılında ayrı bir yasal düzenleme altına alınmıştır. Ancak yasal düzenlemelerin uygulamadan önce yapılmış olması nedeniyle, sözkonusu düzenlemelerin bu alanda kaydedilen gelişmelere paralel ve problemlere cevap verecek şekilde yeniden revize edilmesi gereği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu değişikliklerin en önemlisi finansal kiralama işlemlerinin muhasebeleştirilmesi konusunda karşılaşılan güçlüklerin giderilmesi ve 17 sayılı Muhasebe Standardı'na uyum sağlamasıdır. Ayrıca leasing sektöründe, yasal düzenlemelerin yetersizliği, mevzuat değişikliği ihtiyacı ve uzun vadeli fonlanma sorunu sektörün gelişme hızını kesmektedir. Buradan hareketle yapılan çalışmada, öncelikle finansal kiralama hakkında verilmiş, finansal kiralama sözleşmelerinin içeriği ve hukuki niteliği incelenmiş, leasingin avantajlarından ve leasing kiralarının çeşitlerinden bahsedilmiş, leasing işlemlerinde kredi incelemeleri, risk yönetimi ve fon yönetimi konuları anlatılmış, finansal kiralama şirketlerindeki teşvik uygulamaları ele alınmış, Türkiye'de finansal kiralama işlemlerinin vergilendirilmesi konusu işlenmiş ve KDV uygulamasındaki değişiklikten bahsedilmiştir. Daha sonra 17 sayılı Uluslararası Muhasebe Standardı ve Türkiye uygulamasının bu standartlara uyumu incelenmiş ve Türkiye'de finansal kiralama işlemlerinin muhasebeleştirilmesi örneklerle anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak da Türkiye'de leasing sektörünün sorunları ele alınmış, sektörünün son durumu anlatılmış ve leasing sektörünün ülke ekonomisi için gerekliliği ve rant ekonomisinden reel ekonomiye geçişte leasing sektörünün oynayacağı önemli rol gözönünde bulundurulduğunda, sektörün ve Türkiye'nin önünü tıkayan sorunların biran önce giderilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
FINANCIAL LEASING IN TURKEY AND ACCOUNTING OF FINANCIAL LEASING PROCEDURES Dalyan Kocacıklıoğlu, İdil Higher Degree Thesis, Accounting & Finance Branch Thesis Prof. Dr. Ümit Ataman İstanbul, 1999 Today's continually developing technology, the daily increasing competition in the markets and the inflation orientated medium have all contributed to the significance of the preference of the financing model for investments. The development and profitability of firms depend largely on the appropriate financing choice for investments and increasing the efficiency of cash management. Leasing, in its modern sense, appeared as a mechanism to provide financing for entrepreneurs following the 1930's Recession in the American economy. It gained significance in the USA in the 1950's and Europe and Japan in the 1960's. In Turkey, new financing techniques arose together with the rapid overseas spread of the economy in the 1980's whereupon the Turkish industrialist was introduced to leasing. As the Turkish finance system had insufficient capital accumulation leasing provided the investors with medium- and long-term financing possibilities and due to its contribution in developing the country and through its sectoral aspect and supporting investments, leasing was legally put under a separate directive in 1985. However, as the legal regulations were made before its practice, it was found necessary to revise these regulations so that they may appropriately apply to developments and problems. The most important of these modifications is the rectification of difficulties met while attempting to provide accountancy for the financial leasing procedures and the conformity to Accounting Standard No.17. Also, the inadequacy of legal regulations, the need for modification in the legislation and the problem of long-term funding all slow down the development of the sector. The study on this subject has firstly provided regarding financial leasing. The content and legal qualifications of financial leasing contracts were examined, advantages of leasing and the various types of leasing were mentioned. Also, loan examinations for leasing procedures, risk management and fund management were explained, and the incentive applications of financial leasing companies were studied. The taxation of financial leasing procedures and the change in VAT application in Turkey were examined. Later the International Accounting Standard No 17, its application in Turkey and the conformity to these standards were studied and accounting of the financial leasing procedures in Turkey were explained using examples. Finally the problems of the leasing sector in Turkey were considered, its present condition was explained. The conclusion reached was that as the leasing sector is necessary for the country's economy and plays an important role in the transition from gain economy to real economy, the problems preventing the progress of the sector and Turkey should be eliminated as soon as possible.
FINANCIAL LEASING IN TURKEY AND ACCOUNTING OF FINANCIAL LEASING PROCEDURES Dalyan Kocacıklıoğlu, İdil Higher Degree Thesis, Accounting & Finance Branch Thesis Prof. Dr. Ümit Ataman İstanbul, 1999 Today's continually developing technology, the daily increasing competition in the markets and the inflation orientated medium have all contributed to the significance of the preference of the financing model for investments. The development and profitability of firms depend largely on the appropriate financing choice for investments and increasing the efficiency of cash management. Leasing, in its modern sense, appeared as a mechanism to provide financing for entrepreneurs following the 1930's Recession in the American economy. It gained significance in the USA in the 1950's and Europe and Japan in the 1960's. In Turkey, new financing techniques arose together with the rapid overseas spread of the economy in the 1980's whereupon the Turkish industrialist was introduced to leasing. As the Turkish finance system had insufficient capital accumulation leasing provided the investors with medium- and long-term financing possibilities and due to its contribution in developing the country and through its sectoral aspect and supporting investments, leasing was legally put under a separate directive in 1985. However, as the legal regulations were made before its practice, it was found necessary to revise these regulations so that they may appropriately apply to developments and problems. The most important of these modifications is the rectification of difficulties met while attempting to provide accountancy for the financial leasing procedures and the conformity to Accounting Standard No.17. Also, the inadequacy of legal regulations, the need for modification in the legislation and the problem of long-term funding all slow down the development of the sector. The study on this subject has firstly provided regarding financial leasing. The content and legal qualifications of financial leasing contracts were examined, advantages of leasing and the various types of leasing were mentioned. Also, loan examinations for leasing procedures, risk management and fund management were explained, and the incentive applications of financial leasing companies were studied. The taxation of financial leasing procedures and the change in VAT application in Turkey were examined. Later the International Accounting Standard No 17, its application in Turkey and the conformity to these standards were studied and accounting of the financial leasing procedures in Turkey were explained using examples. Finally the problems of the leasing sector in Turkey were considered, its present condition was explained. The conclusion reached was that as the leasing sector is necessary for the country's economy and plays an important role in the transition from gain economy to real economy, the problems preventing the progress of the sector and Turkey should be eliminated as soon as possible.