Publication: Uluslararası ticarette teminatlar ve örnek analizler
Abstract
Uluslararası ticarette teminatlar ve örnek analizler Bu çalışmada, uluslararası ticarette kullanılan teminat mekanizmalarının teorik ve uygulamalı örneklerle incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Küreselleşen dünya ekonomisinde ülkeler arasındaki ticari işlemler, yerel ticarete kıyasla mesafe faktörü, farklı hukuk sistemleri, dil ve kültür farklılıkları ile ekonomik ve politik istikrarsızlıklar nedeniyle daha yüksek risk içermektedir. Bu risklerin yönetilmesi ve güven ortamının tesisi amacıyla geliştirilen teminat mekanizmaları, uluslararası ticaretin güvenli ve etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış, literatür taraması ve doküman analizi teknikleriyle kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Teminat kavramının teorik temelleri, ekonomik ve hukuki boyutları ele alınmış; akreditifler, banka garantileri, standby akreditifler ve teminat mektupları gibi uluslararası ticarette yaygın kullanılan teminat araçları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, SWIFT formatında teminat belgeleri ve Türkiye'deki teminat uygulamaları örneklerle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, teminat mekanizmalarının asimetrik bilgi problemini çözerek ve karşı taraf riskini azaltarak uluslararası ticareti kolaylaştırdığı, işlem maliyetlerini düşürdüğü ve finansal sistemin istikrarına katkıda bulunduğu görülmüştür. Finansal kriz dönemlerinde teminat uygulamalarının dinamiklerinin değiştiği, teminat kıtlığı ve teminat sarmalı gibi sorunların ortaya çıkabildiği tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye'de teminat uygulamalarının uluslararası standartlara uyum sağlama çabası içinde olduğu, ancak teminat mektuplarına ilişkin müstakil bir düzenlemenin bulunmamasının uygulamada sorunlara yol açabildiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; teminat mevzuatının uluslararası standartlarla uyumlaştırılması, dijital teknolojilerin teminat süreçlerine entegrasyonu, ülkeler arası işbirliğinin güçlendirilmesi, KOBİ'lerin teminat mekanizmalarına erişiminin kolaylaştırılması ve finansal kurumların teminat yönetimi kapasitelerinin geliştirilmesi önerileri sunulmuştur.
Collaterals in international trade and samples This study aims to examine the guarantee mechanisms used in international trade with theoretical and practical examples. In the globalizing world economy, commercial transactions between countries involve higher risks compared to local trade due to factors such as distance, different legal systems, language and cultural differences, and economic and political instability. Guarantee mechanisms developed to manage these risks and establish a secure environment play an important role in ensuring that international trade is conducted safely and efficiently. The study employs a qualitative research method, with a conceptual framework established through literature review and document analysis techniques. The theoretical foundations of the concept of collateral, along with its economic and legal dimensions, are examined, and commonly used collateral instruments in international trade, such as letters of credit, bank guarantees, standby letters of credit, and collateral letters, are analyzed. Additionally, guarantee documents in SWIFT format and guarantee practices in Turkey were evaluated with examples. The study concluded that guarantee mechanisms facilitate international trade by resolving the asymmetric information problem and reducing counterparty risk, lowering transaction costs, and contributing to the stability of the financial system. It was determined that the dynamics of collateral practices change during financial crises, and issues such as “collateral shortage” and “collateral spiral” may arise. It was found that Turkey is striving to align its collateral practices with international standards, but the absence of a separate regulation on letters of credit may cause problems in practice. As a result of the study, recommendations were made to harmonize collateral legislation with international standards, integrate digital technologies into collateral processes, strengthen international cooperation, facilitate SMEs' access to collateral mechanisms, and develop financial institutions' collateral management capacities.
Collaterals in international trade and samples This study aims to examine the guarantee mechanisms used in international trade with theoretical and practical examples. In the globalizing world economy, commercial transactions between countries involve higher risks compared to local trade due to factors such as distance, different legal systems, language and cultural differences, and economic and political instability. Guarantee mechanisms developed to manage these risks and establish a secure environment play an important role in ensuring that international trade is conducted safely and efficiently. The study employs a qualitative research method, with a conceptual framework established through literature review and document analysis techniques. The theoretical foundations of the concept of collateral, along with its economic and legal dimensions, are examined, and commonly used collateral instruments in international trade, such as letters of credit, bank guarantees, standby letters of credit, and collateral letters, are analyzed. Additionally, guarantee documents in SWIFT format and guarantee practices in Turkey were evaluated with examples. The study concluded that guarantee mechanisms facilitate international trade by resolving the asymmetric information problem and reducing counterparty risk, lowering transaction costs, and contributing to the stability of the financial system. It was determined that the dynamics of collateral practices change during financial crises, and issues such as “collateral shortage” and “collateral spiral” may arise. It was found that Turkey is striving to align its collateral practices with international standards, but the absence of a separate regulation on letters of credit may cause problems in practice. As a result of the study, recommendations were made to harmonize collateral legislation with international standards, integrate digital technologies into collateral processes, strengthen international cooperation, facilitate SMEs' access to collateral mechanisms, and develop financial institutions' collateral management capacities.