Publication: Kur’ân tefsirinde siyerin rolü (taberî ve ibn kesîr tefsirleri örneğinde)
Abstract
KUR’ÂN TEFSİRİNDE SİYERİN ROLÜ (TABERÎ VE İBN KESÎR TEFSİRLERİ ÖRNEĞİNDE) Nüzûl döneminde yaşanmış olan hâdise ve olayların, sosyal hayatta yaşanan değişimlerin Kur’ân tefsîrine etkisi ve katkısı göz ardı edilmeyecek kadar büyüktür. Kur’ân’ın nâzil olduğu toplum tarafından nasıl anlaşıldığı ve yorumlandığı en açık bir şekilde yine söz konusu toplumun sosyal hayatında görülmektedir. Nüzûl ortamı, Kur’ân’ın beyânı için gerekli olan bilgileri bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Söz konusu aslî ve tâlî unsurları, en geniş şekliyle resmeden iki temel kaynak Taberî ve İbn Kesîr tefsîrleridirKur’ân ile Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) arasında kül-cüz ilişkisi olması hasebiyle Kur’ân’da yer alan bir talebin rükunları, cüzleri, tafsîlatı ve tamamlayıcı unsurları yahut nitelikleri siyer rivâyetlerinde yer almaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle şerîatın ikâmesi için zarûri emir ve nehiyler Kur’ân’da aslî itibariyle yer almakla birlikte bunların mütemmimi olan unsurlar, Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) ve onun hayatında aktif bir şekilde rol alan sahâbe yaşamında bulunmaktadır. Hâdiselerin muhtasar bir şekilde anlatıldığı ve tüm hükümlerin vecîz bir şekilde ifade edildiği Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, yirmi üç yıllık süre zarfında ya bizzat Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) tarafından kavlî ve takrîri olarak ya da Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) ve sahâbenin içinde bulunduğu olay örgüsü içerisinde fiilî olarak beyân edilmiştir. Bu durum Kur’ân perspektifinden şöyle ifade edilebilir: Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.s.) tefsîr veya te’vîl bâbından kavlî ve fiilî beyânlarının tümünün kaynağı ve aslı Kur’ân’dır. Tefsîr, Taberî, İbn Kesîr, Siyer.
THE ROLE OF SIRAH IN THE EXEGESIS OF THE QUR’AN (IN THE CONTEXT OF TAFSIR AL-TABERI AND IBN KATHIR) The events, occasions and social changes that took place during the process of revelation have undeniable role and contribution to the exegesis of the Qur’an. The way the Qur’an was understood and interpreted by people who witnessed the revelation can be best apprehended by examining the social conditions of that society. This is because the environment and context of the revelation comprise of essential and secondary matters needed for interpreting the Qur’an. In this respect, Tabarī’s and Ibn Kathīr’s works on the exegesis of the Qur’an are two important sources that depicture the events and occasions of revelation in the most comprehensible manner. Due to the universal and particular relationship between the Qur’an and the Prophet, the elements of a request in the Qur’an, fragments, details and complementary factors of the commands in the Qur’an exist in sīrah narrations. In other words, although the essentials for Islamic commands exist in the Qur’an in absolute sense, their subsidiary elements and components are found in the life of the Prophet (sīrah) and companions who were active participants in his life. The Qur’an, in which most of the matters are concisely expressed and the Divine commands are succinctly conveyed, was gradually interpreted by the Prophet in a time span of 23 years. It was interpreted either through his sayings or approvals or through the natural flow of events whilst in affiliation with his companions. This could be expressed as follows from the Qur’anic point view: The essential reference and original source of the verbal and actual interpretation or commentary of the Prophet is the Qur’an itself. Key words: Tafsīr, Tabarī, Ibn Kathīr, Siyar, Sīrah.
THE ROLE OF SIRAH IN THE EXEGESIS OF THE QUR’AN (IN THE CONTEXT OF TAFSIR AL-TABERI AND IBN KATHIR) The events, occasions and social changes that took place during the process of revelation have undeniable role and contribution to the exegesis of the Qur’an. The way the Qur’an was understood and interpreted by people who witnessed the revelation can be best apprehended by examining the social conditions of that society. This is because the environment and context of the revelation comprise of essential and secondary matters needed for interpreting the Qur’an. In this respect, Tabarī’s and Ibn Kathīr’s works on the exegesis of the Qur’an are two important sources that depicture the events and occasions of revelation in the most comprehensible manner. Due to the universal and particular relationship between the Qur’an and the Prophet, the elements of a request in the Qur’an, fragments, details and complementary factors of the commands in the Qur’an exist in sīrah narrations. In other words, although the essentials for Islamic commands exist in the Qur’an in absolute sense, their subsidiary elements and components are found in the life of the Prophet (sīrah) and companions who were active participants in his life. The Qur’an, in which most of the matters are concisely expressed and the Divine commands are succinctly conveyed, was gradually interpreted by the Prophet in a time span of 23 years. It was interpreted either through his sayings or approvals or through the natural flow of events whilst in affiliation with his companions. This could be expressed as follows from the Qur’anic point view: The essential reference and original source of the verbal and actual interpretation or commentary of the Prophet is the Qur’an itself. Key words: Tafsīr, Tabarī, Ibn Kathīr, Siyar, Sīrah.