Publication: Şafii’nin kıyas anlayışı
Abstract
ŞÂFİÎ'NİN KIYAS ANLAYIŞI Fıkıh usulüne dair günümüze kadar ulaşan ilk eser er-Risâle’nin yanısıra geniş hacimli bir furu-ı fıkıh eseri olan el-Ümm’ün sahibi olan Şafiî, bağımsız bir fıkıh ekolünün temellerini atmanın ötesinde İslam hukuk metodolojisi üzerinde derin etkiler bırakmıştır. Şafiî’nin ictihad ve kıyas kavramlarını eş anlamlı olarak kullanmış olması farklı yorumlara sebep olmuştur. Kimi islam hukukçuları ve araştırmacılar Şafiî’nin rey ictihadını kıyasa indirgeyerek dinde insan aklına verilen önemi sınırlandırdığını, kıyas dışında rey ictihadının kapsamında bulunan istihsan, istislah vb. gibi diğer prensipleri devre dışı bıraktığını söylemişlerdir. Bu görüşte olanlara göre Şafiî “kıyas” kavramını, fıkıh usulünde bilinen anlamıyla kullanmaktadır. Buna karşılık usul literatüründe ilk dönemlerden bu yana Şafiî’nin kıyas kavramını maslahat, istihsan vb. prensipleri de kapsayacak şekilde kullandığına dair ifadelere rastlamak mümkündür. Ne var ki bu araştırmacıların büyük bir bölümünde Şâfiî'nin teorik açıklamaları ile yetinilmiş, teorik görüşlerin uygulamaya nasıl geçtiği üzerinde nedense pek durulmamıştır. Araştırmalarımız Şâfiî'nin gerek teorik açıklamaları gerekse uygulamaları onun kullanımındaki kıyas sözcüğünün, sonraki dönemde usul literatüründe yer alan kıyastan daha genel olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu anlamda onun kıyas kavramının kapsamına usulî/ şer'î kıyas, kimi yorum faaliyetleri ve genel prensip ictihadı girmektedir. Biz kıyasın yalnızca teorik boyutu değil aynı zamanda örnekler bazında uygulaması üzerinde durarak usul kitaplarında kıyas konusunun sayılı birkaç örneğe hasredilmesinin kıyasın verimliliği konusunda ortaya çıkarabileceği tereddütleri gidermek ve bu konudaki tartışmalara ışık tutmak istedik. Yine usulün anahtar kavramlarından birinin usule dair ilk eserde ve ilk dönem uygulamasında nasıl algılandığını ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Çalışmalarımız sonucu elde ettiğimiz izlenim Şâfiî'nin akıl ve vahiy arasındaki dengeyi başarılı bir şekilde kurabildiğidir.
QIYAS IN AL-SHAFİÎ'S LEGAL THOUGHT Al-Shafiî is the author of the al-Risâla which is the first book came upon today in the history of Islamic legal theory. He is also the writer of al-Umm. He is not only the founder of a legal school, but also has very important effects on Islamic legal theory. Al-Shafiî uses qiyas and ijtihad as synonims in his theoretical statements. This usage caused different comments by the legal authorities. Some of them claimed that al-Shafii limited the role of reason (aql) by this usage, because he regarded istihsan, istislâh and other principles as illegal. For these authorities both of qiyas and ijtihad have the same meaning in al-Shafiî's legal theory and this meaning is analogical reasoning. On the opposite side it is possible to find some statements by some other authorities thet express al-Shafiî's usage of qiyas includes istislah, istihsan and some other legal principles. It seems that many of the authotorities contended with al-Shafiî's theoretical statements in his book al-Risala but they didn't show enough interest in his practice in al-Umm. Our study aims to show that the meaning of qiyas in both al-Shafiî's theoretical statements and practices is more general than the one in the legal theory literature. His usage of qiyas includes the analogical reasoning in legal theory literature (al-qiyasu'l-usulî), some of the interpretation activities and ijtihad by general principles. In our study we attached importance in the usage of qiyas in practical examples as much as its usage in theorical statements to remove the hesitations that can arrise in the minds about the productivity of qiyas because of its limited usage in the literature. We wanted to shed light on the arguments about this subject. We also wanted to show how the usage of one of the key terms regarded in the first book and in the early times of Islamic jurisprudence. In the end of our study our impression is that al-Shafiî setted up a successful balance between the reason and the revelation.
QIYAS IN AL-SHAFİÎ'S LEGAL THOUGHT Al-Shafiî is the author of the al-Risâla which is the first book came upon today in the history of Islamic legal theory. He is also the writer of al-Umm. He is not only the founder of a legal school, but also has very important effects on Islamic legal theory. Al-Shafiî uses qiyas and ijtihad as synonims in his theoretical statements. This usage caused different comments by the legal authorities. Some of them claimed that al-Shafii limited the role of reason (aql) by this usage, because he regarded istihsan, istislâh and other principles as illegal. For these authorities both of qiyas and ijtihad have the same meaning in al-Shafiî's legal theory and this meaning is analogical reasoning. On the opposite side it is possible to find some statements by some other authorities thet express al-Shafiî's usage of qiyas includes istislah, istihsan and some other legal principles. It seems that many of the authotorities contended with al-Shafiî's theoretical statements in his book al-Risala but they didn't show enough interest in his practice in al-Umm. Our study aims to show that the meaning of qiyas in both al-Shafiî's theoretical statements and practices is more general than the one in the legal theory literature. His usage of qiyas includes the analogical reasoning in legal theory literature (al-qiyasu'l-usulî), some of the interpretation activities and ijtihad by general principles. In our study we attached importance in the usage of qiyas in practical examples as much as its usage in theorical statements to remove the hesitations that can arrise in the minds about the productivity of qiyas because of its limited usage in the literature. We wanted to shed light on the arguments about this subject. We also wanted to show how the usage of one of the key terms regarded in the first book and in the early times of Islamic jurisprudence. In the end of our study our impression is that al-Shafiî setted up a successful balance between the reason and the revelation.