Publication: Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay’ın İslam entelektüel geleneğindeki ruh teorilerine bakışı
Abstract
Bu çalışmada Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay’ın (1883 – 1961) Materyalizm ve Pozitivizme karşı kaleme aldığı Felsefe-i Ûla: İsbât-ı Vâcib ve Rûh Nazariyeleri adlı eser merkeze alınarak İslam entelektüel geleneğindeki ruh teorilerine bakışı incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda tezimiz üç bölüm olarak kurgulanmıştır. İlk bölümde müellifin felsefe-bilim ilişkileri zemininde esas aldığı metafizik perspektif, Tanrı’nın varlığı ve ruhun varlık/ mahiyetini el almaktaki amacı ve klasik dönem İslam düşünürlerinin ruh hakkındaki teorilerini felsefe tarihinde nasıl konumlandırdığı tahlil edilmiştir. Sonraki bölümlerde ise cismani ruh teorileri ve cismani olmayan ruh teorileri ayırımına dayalı erken ve geç dönem kelamcılar ile İbn Sina’nın ünlü ruh teorisi mukayeseli biçimde ele alınmıştır. Tezimizde tarihsel ve güncel yorumuyla metin okuması, felsefi kavram ve problemlerin karşılaştırmalı analizi ve fikirlerin eleştirisi yöntemi izlenmiştir. Bu incelemeyle müellifin titizlikle atıf yaptığı konular öncelikli olmak üzere konuyla ilgili klasik kaynaklara başvurulmuş müellifin tespitleri günümüz araştırmaları ışığında doğruluk değeri açısından sınanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Günaltay’ın Materyalizm ve Pozitivizm’in iddialarının aksine fizik ile metafizik, felsefe ile bilim, din ile bilim arasındaki ilişkinin bir uzlaşma ve birbirini tamamlama üzerinden kurulması gerektiği fikrini savunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genelde ruh nazariyeleri tarihinin özelde ise İslam entelektüel geleneğindeki ruh teorileri tarihinin onun açısından bilimsellikten uzak ama tarihi bir delil olma niteliği taşıdığı saptanmıştır. Bu bağlamda ele aldığı İslam entelektüel tarihindeki ruh nazariyelerini Fahreddin er-Razi’nin meşhur eseri et-Tefsîrü’l-Kebir (Mefâtihü’l-Gayb) üzerinden konumlandırmıştır. İslam entelektüel geleneğindeki ruh nazariyelerini klasik gelenekle uyumlu bir şekilde sınıflandırmıştır. Her ne kadar özellikle Gazzali ve Fahreddin er-Razi bahsinde bu iki düşünürün ruh teorilerini sınırlı eserler üzerinden aktarsa da vardığı sonuçlar itibariyle doğru tespitlerde bulunduğu gözlenmiştir.
In this study, Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay's (1883 - 1961) view on the theories of human soul in the Islamic intellectual tradition was examined by focusing on the work titled On First Philosophy: Existence of God and Soul Theories, which he wrote against Materialism and Positivism. In this context, our thesis is structured in three parts. In the first chapter, the author's metaphysical perspective on the basis of philosophy-science relations, his purpose in discussing the existence of God and the existence/ nature of the soul, and how he positioned the theories of the classical period Islamic thinkers about the soul in the history of philosophy were analyzed. In the following sections, early and late theologians based on the distinction between corporeal soul theories and non-corporeal soul theories and Ibn Sina's famous soul theory are discussed comparatively. In our thesis, the method of text reading with historical and current interpretation, comparative analysis of philosophical concepts and problems and criticism of ideas was followed. In this review, classical sources on the subject were consulted, primarily the issues to which the author meticulously referred, and the author's findings were tested for accuracy in the light of today's research. As a result, it has been determined that Günaltay, contrary to the claims of Materialism and Positivism, defends the idea that the relationship between physics and metaphysics, philosophy and science, religion and science should be established through a compromise and complementarity. It has been determined that the history of soul theories in general, and the history of soul theories in the Islamic intellectual tradition in particular, is far from scientificness in her view, but is a historical evidence. In this context, he positioned the soul theories in Islamic intellectual history through Fahreddin er-Razi's famous work et-Tefsirü'l-Kebir (Mefatihü'l-Gayb). He classified the soul theories in the Islamic intellectual tradition in accordance with the classical tradition. Although he conveyed the soul theories of these two thinkers through limited works, especially regarding Gazzali and Fahreddin er-Razi, it was observed that he made correct determinations in terms of the conclusions he reached.
In this study, Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay's (1883 - 1961) view on the theories of human soul in the Islamic intellectual tradition was examined by focusing on the work titled On First Philosophy: Existence of God and Soul Theories, which he wrote against Materialism and Positivism. In this context, our thesis is structured in three parts. In the first chapter, the author's metaphysical perspective on the basis of philosophy-science relations, his purpose in discussing the existence of God and the existence/ nature of the soul, and how he positioned the theories of the classical period Islamic thinkers about the soul in the history of philosophy were analyzed. In the following sections, early and late theologians based on the distinction between corporeal soul theories and non-corporeal soul theories and Ibn Sina's famous soul theory are discussed comparatively. In our thesis, the method of text reading with historical and current interpretation, comparative analysis of philosophical concepts and problems and criticism of ideas was followed. In this review, classical sources on the subject were consulted, primarily the issues to which the author meticulously referred, and the author's findings were tested for accuracy in the light of today's research. As a result, it has been determined that Günaltay, contrary to the claims of Materialism and Positivism, defends the idea that the relationship between physics and metaphysics, philosophy and science, religion and science should be established through a compromise and complementarity. It has been determined that the history of soul theories in general, and the history of soul theories in the Islamic intellectual tradition in particular, is far from scientificness in her view, but is a historical evidence. In this context, he positioned the soul theories in Islamic intellectual history through Fahreddin er-Razi's famous work et-Tefsirü'l-Kebir (Mefatihü'l-Gayb). He classified the soul theories in the Islamic intellectual tradition in accordance with the classical tradition. Although he conveyed the soul theories of these two thinkers through limited works, especially regarding Gazzali and Fahreddin er-Razi, it was observed that he made correct determinations in terms of the conclusions he reached.
Description
Keywords
cismani olmayan ruh teorisi, cismani ruh teorisi, corporeal soul theory, Fahreddin er-Razi, Fahreddin Razi, Felsefe-i Ûla, Gazzali, Gazzâli, Ibn Sina, Imamü'l-Haremeyn Juveyni, Islamic philosophy, Islamic thought, İbn Sina, İmâmü’l-Haremeyn Cüveyni, İslam düşüncesi, İslam felsefesi, kelam ilmi, Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay, Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay’ın (1883 – 1961), metafizik, metaphysics, noncorporeal soul theory, On First Philosophy, theology
