Publication: Selective separation and recovery of heavy metals from sewage sludge via integrated anaerobic bio-leaching and membrane processes
Abstract
Tarımsal arazilerde stabil arıtma çamurunun kullanılması, değerli besin maddelerinin gıda zincirine geri dönmesini sağladığı için yenilenebilir bir bertaraf yöntemi niteliğindedir. Ancak arıtma çamurunun içeriğindeki ağır metal kirliliği, araziye uygulanmasını engelleyen sorunlardan biridir. Bu nedenle, ilk kez bu tez kapsamında, (1) daha düşük metal toksisite potansiyeline sahip stabil biyokatılar elde etmek, (2) sıvı membran teknolojisi ile arıtma çamuru içindeki ağır metalleri geri kazanmak ve (3) metan formunda enerjiyi geri kazanmak için bir entegre proses (anaerobik biyo-sızma/ metal giderimi/ metan üretimi) geliştirilmiştir. Entegre prosesin ilk aşamasında, arıtma çamuru içerisindeki ağır metallerin fermentasyon sıvısına biyo-sızma işlemi, alkali fermentasyon sayesinde, sırasıyla Cr, Cu, Ni ve Zn için maksimum %26, %22, % 19 ve %22 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Ayrıca, arıtma çamurundaki ağır metallerin biyolojik olarak kullanılabilir fraksiyonları, %40-94'ten %12-61'e düşürülmüştür. İkinci aşamada, taşıyıcı olarak %1.2 Aliquat 336, polimer olarak %0.75 selüloz triasetat, plastifiyan olarak %0.75 2-nitrofeniloktil eter bileşimine sahip laboratuvar ölçekli düz tabakalı bir polimer içerikli membran kullanılarak 24 saat içinde biyo-sızmaya uğramış metallerin %25-48'i fermentasyon sıvısından geri kazanılmıştır. Entegre prosesin son aşamasında, uçucu yağ asitlerinin %95'inden fazlası yukarı akışlı bir anaerobik reaktörde biyogaza dönüştürülerek, 0.32 m3/ kg COD'lik metan verimi ve %70’lik metan yüzdesine ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, önerilen entegre işlemin, azaltılmış metal toksisitesine sahip stabil biyokatılar ürettiğini ve hem ağır metalleri hem de organik atıklardan enerjiyi geri kazandığını ortaya koymaktadır.
Utilization of stabilized sewage sludge on arable lands serve as a renewable disposal route as it enables recycling of valuable nutrients to food chain. However, heavy metal contamination of sewage sludge is one of the concerns preventing its land application. Therefore, in the scope of this thesis, a novel integrated process (anaerobic bioleaching/ metal removal/ methane production) was developed to (1) obtain stabilized biosolids with lower metal toxicity potential, (2) recover heavy metals within sewage sludge via liquid membrane technology, and (3) recover energy in the form of methane. At the first stage of the integrated process, heavy metals within sewage sludge were bioleached into fermentation liquor through alkaline fermentation at maximum percentages of 26%, 22%, 19%, and 22% for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Moreover, bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in sewage sludge was reduced from 40-94% to 12-61%. At the second stage, 25-48% of bioleached metals were recovered from fermentation liquor within 24 hours using a laboratory-scale flat-sheet polymer inclusion membrane with a composition of 1.2% Aliquat 336 as carrier, 0.75% cellulose triacetate as polymer, 0.75% 2‐nitrophenyloctyl ether as plasticizer. At the last stage, more than 95% of volatile fatty acids were converted into biogas in an upflow anaerobic reactor, reaching methane yield of 0.32 m3/ kg CODremoved and methane percentage of 70%. These results reveal that the proposed integrated process produces stabilized biosolids with reduced metal toxicity and recovers both heavy metals and energy from organic wastes.
Utilization of stabilized sewage sludge on arable lands serve as a renewable disposal route as it enables recycling of valuable nutrients to food chain. However, heavy metal contamination of sewage sludge is one of the concerns preventing its land application. Therefore, in the scope of this thesis, a novel integrated process (anaerobic bioleaching/ metal removal/ methane production) was developed to (1) obtain stabilized biosolids with lower metal toxicity potential, (2) recover heavy metals within sewage sludge via liquid membrane technology, and (3) recover energy in the form of methane. At the first stage of the integrated process, heavy metals within sewage sludge were bioleached into fermentation liquor through alkaline fermentation at maximum percentages of 26%, 22%, 19%, and 22% for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Moreover, bioavailable fractions of heavy metals in sewage sludge was reduced from 40-94% to 12-61%. At the second stage, 25-48% of bioleached metals were recovered from fermentation liquor within 24 hours using a laboratory-scale flat-sheet polymer inclusion membrane with a composition of 1.2% Aliquat 336 as carrier, 0.75% cellulose triacetate as polymer, 0.75% 2‐nitrophenyloctyl ether as plasticizer. At the last stage, more than 95% of volatile fatty acids were converted into biogas in an upflow anaerobic reactor, reaching methane yield of 0.32 m3/ kg CODremoved and methane percentage of 70%. These results reveal that the proposed integrated process produces stabilized biosolids with reduced metal toxicity and recovers both heavy metals and energy from organic wastes.
Description
Keywords
Agriculture, Ağır metaller, Alkali fermentasyon, Atık aktif çamur, Biosolids, Biyokatı, Çevre bilimi, Çevre mühendisliği, Environmental engineering, Environmental sciences, Heavy metals, Liquid membranes, Metal atıklar, Metal wastes, Metan üretimi, Methane production, Ön arıtma, Pretreatment, Sıvı membranlar, Tarım, Uçucu yağ asitleri Alkaline fermentation, Volatile fatty acids, Waste activated sludge
