Publication: İşgal altındaki Müslümanlarla ilgili hükümler (Doğu Türkistan örneği)
Abstract
İslam tarihi boyunca Müslümanların toprakları, farklı din mensupları tarafından sıklıkla işgale uğramıştır. Özellikle 19. ve 20. yüzyıllar, İslam dünyası Doğu, Batı, Kuzey ve Güneyden en çok işgal edildiği dönem olmuştur. Toprakları işgale uğrayan Müslümanlar, işgalcilerin kısıtlamaları nedeniyle bazen ibadet özgürlüğünden mahrum kalırken, bazen dini eğitim alanında, ekonomik ve sosyal alanlarda İslam hukukuna göre hayatlarını sürdürmelerinin mümkün olmadığı bir hale düşmüşlerdir. Bu koşullar altında, sınırlı kaynaklarla ve diğer Müslümanların yardımı olmadan işgalcilere karşı ayaklanmaların ve cihadi hareketlerin çoğu, işgalcilerin şiddete başvurması ve sert politikalar dayatması için fırsat olmuştur. Hicret etmeyi seçenler de gittikleri yerlerde sosyal, ekonomik ve ailevi konularda dini hayata dair çeşitli zorluklarla karşılaşmışlardır. Bu durumlar, işgale uğrayan Müslümanların toprakları içinde ve dışında karşılaştıkları sorunlarına İslam hukuku açısından çözüm bulmayı zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Çin işgali altındaki Doğu Türkistan'daki Müslümanların durumunu örnek alarak klasik ve modern İslam hukuk kaynaklarındaki fetvalardan onların sorunlarına ne türden cevaplar sunulduğunu derli toplu bir şekilde ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmanın giriş bölümünde işgal kelimesinin tanımı, işgal ile yakın anlamlı kavramlar, ayet ve hadisler, işgalin İslam hukukundaki yeri ve işgal ile ilgili İslam hukuku terimlerine yer verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde Doğu Türkistan'da Çin tarafından tatbik edilen işgal siyaseti, dini, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik hayata müdahaleler gibi meseleler zikredilmiştir. İkinci bölümde hicret ve karşılaşılan sorunlar, işgalcilere karşı direniş, ayaklanmalar ve sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada bir taraftan Doğu Türkistan’ın işgale uğramasının nedenlerine ve bu çerçevede ortaya çıkan fıkhi sorunlara dair değerlendirme ve önerilere yer verilmiştir.
Throughout Islamic history, Muslim lands have frequently been invaded by people of different religions. Especially the 19th and 20th centuries were the period when the Islamic world was most invaded from the East, West, North and South.During these occupations, Muslims were often deprived of their freedom of worship due to the restrictions imposed by the invaders. In many cases, they found themselves in situations where it was impossible to live according to Islamic law in the areas of religious education, economics, and social life. Under these conditions, with limited resources and without the assistance of other Muslims, most uprisings and jihadi movements against the occupiers provided the invaders with opportunities to resort to violence and impose harsh policies. Those who chose to migrate also encountered various difficulties related to religious life in social, economic, and family matters in the places they moved to. These situations necessitated finding solutions in terms of Islamic law to the problems faced by occupied Muslims both inside and outside their lands. The purpose of this research is to take the situation of Muslims in East Turkestan under Chinese occupation as a case study and to systematically reveal the kinds of answers provided to their problems by fatwas from classical and modern Islamic legal sources. In the introduction of this study, the definition of the term occupation, concepts related to occupation, relevant Quranic verses and Hadiths, the place of occupation in Islamic law, and Islamic legal terms related to occupation are discussed. The first part addresses issues such as the occupation policy implemented by China in East Turkestan and the interventions in religious, social, cultural, and economic life. The second part covers migration and the problems encountered, resistance against the invaders, uprisings, and their consequences. In conclusion, this study includes evaluations and suggestions regarding the reasons for the occupation of East Turkestan and the jurisprudential problems that arise in this context.
Throughout Islamic history, Muslim lands have frequently been invaded by people of different religions. Especially the 19th and 20th centuries were the period when the Islamic world was most invaded from the East, West, North and South.During these occupations, Muslims were often deprived of their freedom of worship due to the restrictions imposed by the invaders. In many cases, they found themselves in situations where it was impossible to live according to Islamic law in the areas of religious education, economics, and social life. Under these conditions, with limited resources and without the assistance of other Muslims, most uprisings and jihadi movements against the occupiers provided the invaders with opportunities to resort to violence and impose harsh policies. Those who chose to migrate also encountered various difficulties related to religious life in social, economic, and family matters in the places they moved to. These situations necessitated finding solutions in terms of Islamic law to the problems faced by occupied Muslims both inside and outside their lands. The purpose of this research is to take the situation of Muslims in East Turkestan under Chinese occupation as a case study and to systematically reveal the kinds of answers provided to their problems by fatwas from classical and modern Islamic legal sources. In the introduction of this study, the definition of the term occupation, concepts related to occupation, relevant Quranic verses and Hadiths, the place of occupation in Islamic law, and Islamic legal terms related to occupation are discussed. The first part addresses issues such as the occupation policy implemented by China in East Turkestan and the interventions in religious, social, cultural, and economic life. The second part covers migration and the problems encountered, resistance against the invaders, uprisings, and their consequences. In conclusion, this study includes evaluations and suggestions regarding the reasons for the occupation of East Turkestan and the jurisprudential problems that arise in this context.