Publication: Nasihat- name Şeyh Eşref B. Ahmed
Abstract
Şair Şeyh Eşref b. Ahmed'in Nasihat-nâme adlı bu eseri adından da anlaşılacağı gibi dinî-ahlâkî öğütler veren bir mesnevîdir. Eser 155 varaklık bir mecmuada altı adet mesnevî ve bir tercî ile birlikte yer almaktadır. Şeyh Eşref b. Ahmed hakkında biyografik eserlerde ve edebiyat tarihlerinde herhangi bir kayda rastlayamadığımız gibi kendi eserlerinden de şair hakkında bir bilgi elde edemedik. Mesnevînin metnini bilinen iki nüshaya dayanarak tesis ettik. Bu nüshalardan ilki M. Fuad Köprülü'den Yapı Kredi Bankası'na intikal eden yazmalar arasında bulunmaktadır ve (Demirbaş No: 133), (107) numarada kayıtlıdır. Bu nüsha Nasuh b. Ahmed tarafından 1452'de Edirne'de istinsah edilmiştir. Diğer nüsha ise Milli Kütüphane'de A.3238/ 1'de kayıtlıdır. Bu nüsha yapı Kredi Nüshası'na göre daha düzensiz, dağınık ve eksiktir. Bu yüzden çalışmamızda Yapı Kredi Nüshası'nı asıl nüsha olarak kabul ettik. 503 beyitten oluşan Nasihat-nâme Fâ i lâ tün fâ i lâ tün fâ i lün vezniyle nazmedilmiştir. Şeyh Eşref'in Nasihat-nâmesi de diğer nasihat-nâmeler gibi okuyucuya bilgi vermek, onu eğitmek amacıyla yazılmış dinî-ahlâkî bir eserdir. Şair, nasihat-nâmelerin bir kısmında olduğu gibi hikâyeler anlatıp bu hikâyelerden ders çıkarmak yerine okuyucuya doğrudan öğüt vermeyi tercih etmiştir. Şeyh Eşref Nasihat-nâme'de günümüzde de geçerli olan ahlâk kurallarıyla ilgili öğütler vermiştir: Bir işte başarılı olmak için o işi ciddiye almak gerektiği, ticaret yaparken adaletli davranma, cömertliğin cimrilikten üstün oluşu, konuşurken sözlerini seçerek söyleme, kimsenin arkasından konuşmama, her konuda iyi niyetli olma, düşmana karşı ihtişamlı görünme, evine gelen dostuna iyi davranma, sırrını kimseye vermeme, tanımadığın kişiyle yola çıkmama, her söylenen söze inanmama, suyu boşuna harcamama, yetim ve zavallıyı koruma, komşuna iyi davranma, verdiği sözü tutma, yalan söylememe, hile yapmama, kendine lâzım olmayan bir şeyi ihtiyacı olana vermek, edep ve güzel ahlâkın zenginlik ve soyluluktan değerli olduğu, her işte insaflı davranma, kişilerden yapamayacağı şeyler beklememe... Allah'ın verdiği nimetlere nankörlük etmeyip şükretme, Allah'ın emirlerini yerine getirmesen de getirene yardımcı olma, dünya malına değer vermeme, Allah'tan başka kimseden korkmama, hayattayken öbür dünyada işine yarayacak ameller işleme, Allah'ın insanları yeryüzüne doğru yoldan giderek ebedî mülke hazırlık yapmaları için gönderdiği, hayatın bir düş kadar geçici olduğu, yanlıştan ölüm gelmeden önce dönmek gerektiği ölümü unutmama, dünyadan giderken iyi bir ad bırakma gibi dini öğütleri şair, ayet ve hadislere telmihler bazen de iktibaslar yaparak vermiştir. Şeyh Eşref, ayrıca çocuk terbiyesi, çocukların eğitim ve öğretimleri, eş seçimi ve eşlerin birbirine karşı davranışları, evlatların ana- babaya olan hakları gibi aile hayatıyla ilgili konulara da değinmiştir. Bu öğütler bize o asırlardaki aile hayatı, gündelik hayat ve dini hayatla ilgili bilgiler veriyor. Şair, çocuk eğitimi ile ilgili yazdığı beyitlerde onların dersten sıkıldıklarında dikkatlerini dağıtmak hem de zihinlerine işlerlik kazandırmak amacıyla bilmece sorulabileceğini söylüyor. Şeyh Eşref'in 392-423. beyitler arasında verdiği 12 bilmeceyi de o asrın sözlü edebiyat geleneği içerisinde incelemek gerektiğini düşünüyoruz. SHEİKH EŞREF B. AHMED / NASİHAT-NÂME
The Nasihat-nâme of poet Sheikh b. Ahmed, as it can be understood from its name, is a mesnevi that gives religious and moral advises. This work takes places in a collection of writing with 155 leaf. İt consist of six mesnevi and a terci. İn biographic works and history of literature, we couldn't find any record about Sheikh Eşref b. Ahmed. Also we couldn't get any information about him from his works. Our study was based two copies of the mesnevi. First of them is found among the manuscripts that was inherited from M. Fuad Köprülü to the Yapı Kredi Bank. İt was recorded as inventory number 133 and was copied by Nasuh b.Ahmed in 1452, Edirne. Other copy is recorded in the Milli Kütüphane as A.3238/ 1. This copy is more untidy, the copy of Yapı Kredi Bank as the main copy of it. Nasihat-nâme consist of 503 coyolet . It was written with the meter of Fâ i lâ tün fâ i lâ tün fâ i lün . Nasihat-nâme of Sheikh Eşref is a moral and religious to the readers. It also aims at educating the readers . In spite of telling stories as moral examples that some nasihat-nâmes did, poet had preferred to giving advises to the readers directly. Sheikh Eşref given advises related to the moral rules which are used today. Some of those rules are as follows : it is necessary to take serious a work in order to success it. To be just in trading ; to be generous is better than stinginess . Speak by choosing your words. Gossip about people is a wrong manner . Intend to good in all aspekt of life. Take magnificent pose against enmy, don't tell your secrets to somebody, don't set of on journey with strangers , don't believe every words , don't spend water in vain, protect orphans and poor people , exhibit good behaviour against your neighbor, don't tell lie. Don't do some deceitful thinks. It one think is not necessary for you, give it others. Good manners and good moral are better than richness and nobility. Be merciless in all your manner. Don't expect from people something that they can not do. Thanks to got for his blessings and don't be unthankful against him. If you don't carry out of the orders of the god help to someone who carry out them. Don't esteem to worldly goods, don't afraid of any body but afraid of god. Behave good with regard to other world,don't forget that God send us to the world ın order to preparing to the eternal estate.Don't forget that life passes like a dream,turn from error as soon as possible, don't forget dead, leave a good name behind you, poet gave these religious advises by quoting and alluding to verse of Quran (ayet) and the record of sayings or action of the Prophet Muhammet (hadis). Besides, Sheikh Eşref touched several subjects related family life such as education and training of children, mate choosing , behaviours of pair to each others, rights of children to the parents. These advises give us information about family life, daily life, religious life at this century. Poet tell us that, when the children annoyed in the cours of lesson, rittles can be asked them in order to take their interest and animated their mind. We supposed that 12 rittles which was given by Sheikh Eşref between 392 and 423 lines, must be studied in the literature tradition of that century.
The Nasihat-nâme of poet Sheikh b. Ahmed, as it can be understood from its name, is a mesnevi that gives religious and moral advises. This work takes places in a collection of writing with 155 leaf. İt consist of six mesnevi and a terci. İn biographic works and history of literature, we couldn't find any record about Sheikh Eşref b. Ahmed. Also we couldn't get any information about him from his works. Our study was based two copies of the mesnevi. First of them is found among the manuscripts that was inherited from M. Fuad Köprülü to the Yapı Kredi Bank. İt was recorded as inventory number 133 and was copied by Nasuh b.Ahmed in 1452, Edirne. Other copy is recorded in the Milli Kütüphane as A.3238/ 1. This copy is more untidy, the copy of Yapı Kredi Bank as the main copy of it. Nasihat-nâme consist of 503 coyolet . It was written with the meter of Fâ i lâ tün fâ i lâ tün fâ i lün . Nasihat-nâme of Sheikh Eşref is a moral and religious to the readers. It also aims at educating the readers . In spite of telling stories as moral examples that some nasihat-nâmes did, poet had preferred to giving advises to the readers directly. Sheikh Eşref given advises related to the moral rules which are used today. Some of those rules are as follows : it is necessary to take serious a work in order to success it. To be just in trading ; to be generous is better than stinginess . Speak by choosing your words. Gossip about people is a wrong manner . Intend to good in all aspekt of life. Take magnificent pose against enmy, don't tell your secrets to somebody, don't set of on journey with strangers , don't believe every words , don't spend water in vain, protect orphans and poor people , exhibit good behaviour against your neighbor, don't tell lie. Don't do some deceitful thinks. It one think is not necessary for you, give it others. Good manners and good moral are better than richness and nobility. Be merciless in all your manner. Don't expect from people something that they can not do. Thanks to got for his blessings and don't be unthankful against him. If you don't carry out of the orders of the god help to someone who carry out them. Don't esteem to worldly goods, don't afraid of any body but afraid of god. Behave good with regard to other world,don't forget that God send us to the world ın order to preparing to the eternal estate.Don't forget that life passes like a dream,turn from error as soon as possible, don't forget dead, leave a good name behind you, poet gave these religious advises by quoting and alluding to verse of Quran (ayet) and the record of sayings or action of the Prophet Muhammet (hadis). Besides, Sheikh Eşref touched several subjects related family life such as education and training of children, mate choosing , behaviours of pair to each others, rights of children to the parents. These advises give us information about family life, daily life, religious life at this century. Poet tell us that, when the children annoyed in the cours of lesson, rittles can be asked them in order to take their interest and animated their mind. We supposed that 12 rittles which was given by Sheikh Eşref between 392 and 423 lines, must be studied in the literature tradition of that century.