Publication: Türkiye Moldova ticari ilişkilerinin ürün bazında incelenmesi (1992-2022)
Abstract
Araştırma sahası olan Türkiye ve Moldova, birbirlerine sınırı olmayan iki ülkedir. Türkiye topraklarının %97’si Asya Kıtasında bulunur ve %3’ü Avrupa Kıtasında bulunur. Moldova topraklarının tamamı Avrupa kıtasındadır. İki ülkenin de Karadeniz Havzasına ait toprakları bulunur. Her ne kadar Moldova’nın Karadeniz’e doğrudan sınırı olmasa da Tuna Nehrinde bulunan Giurgileşti Limanı vasıtasıyla Karadeniz’e ticaret gemilerinin ulaşımı bulunur. Türkiye’nin yüzölçümü 780.350 km² olup deniz seviyesinden ortalama yükseltisi 1132 m’dir. 2022 yılı nüfusu 85.279.553 olan Türkiye’nin 2022 GSYH’si 905 milyar dolardır. Bu büyüklükle dünyanın 17. ekonomisi olmakla birlikte kişi başı düşen yıllık gelir 10.600 dolardır. Moldova’nın yüzölçümü 33.851 km²’dir ve deniz seviyesinden ortalama yükseltisi 147 m’dir. 2022 yılı nüfusu 2.565.030 kişi olan Moldova, 2022 yılında kişi başı 5.743 dolar gelire ve 14.520.739 milyar dolar GSYH’ye sahiptir. Türkiye ve Moldova ekonomisi kırılgan bir yapıya sahiptir. Her iki ülkenin başlıca sorunu enerji açığıdır. İki ülke de mineral yakıt ihtiyacını yurt dışından karşılamakta ve bu yüzden bütçe açığı vermektedir. Türkiye topraklarının 1/ 3’ü tarıma uygundur. Sanayisi Moldova’ya göre daha gelişmiştir. Moldova’nın topraklarının % 80’i çernezyom ile kaplıdır. Ülke ekonomisi tarıma bağlıdır. En çok yetiştirilen tarım ürünleri yağlı tohumlar, tahıl ve şaraplık üzümdür. İki ülke ticari ilişkilerinin başlaması 1992 yılına tekabül eder. Hükümetlerin ticari anlaşmaları ile yükselen ticaret hacmi yıllara göre değişmekle birlikte Türkiye’nin ihracat rakamları ithalat rakamlarından fazla olmuştur. 1992 yılında başlayan ticaret 14.786 dolar ihracat ve 1.742.058 dolarlık ithalatla başlamıştır. 2022 yılına gelindiğinde 478.415.519 dolarlık ihracat ve 296.674.505 dolarlık ithalat rakamına ulaşılmıştır. Türkiye’nin Moldova’ya ihracatında makinalar, otomotiv, örme giyim eşyası ve ev tekstili ürünleri ilk sıralarda yer almıştır. Türkiye’nin Moldova’dan ithalatında ise; hububat, yağlı tohumlar, demir-çelik ürünleri önde gelen sektörlerdir ve ithalatın büyük kısmını oluşturmaktadır. NDEKİLERI ÖNSÖZIII ÖZETIV ABSTRACTV KISALTMALARVI TABLO LİSTESİVII ŞEKİL LİSTESİIX BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM1 1.GİRİŞ1 1.1.KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE5 1.2.ÖNCEKİ ÇALIŞMALAR7 1.3.AMAÇ VE METOD10 1.4.ARAŞTIRMA SAHASININ YERİ, SINIRLARI VE GENEL COĞRAFİ ÖZELLİKLERİ12 2.TÜRKİYE MOLDOVA DIŞ TİCARETİ28 2.1.TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ28 2.1.1.1980 Öncesi Dönem28 2.1.2.1980 Sonrası Dönem28 2.2.MOLDOVA EKONOMİSİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ31 2.2.1.1992 Öncesi Dönem31 2.2.2.1992 Sonrası Dönem31 2.3.TÜRKİYE MOLDOVA TİCARETİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ33 2.4.TÜRKİYE MOLDOVA ARASINDAKİ TİCARİ ANLAŞMALAR38 3.MADDE GRUPLARINA GÖRE TÜRKİYE MOLDOVA ARASINDA TİCARETİN GELİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ39 3.1.CANLI HAYVAN VE HAYVANSAL ÜRÜNLER39 3.2.BİTKİSEL ÜRÜNLER43 3.3.HAYVANSAL VE BİTKİSEL KATI VE SIVI YAĞLAR47 3.4.GIDA SANAYİ MÜSTAHZARLARI51 3.5.MİNERAL MADDELER56 3.6.KİMYA SANAYİ VE BUNA BAĞLI SANAYİ ÜRÜNLERİ60 3.7.PLASTİKLER, KAUÇUK VE BUNLARIN MAMULLERİ65 3.8.DERİLER, KÖSELELER, KÜRKLER VE BU MADDELERDEN MAMUL EŞYA, SARACİYE EŞYASI, ÇANTALAR69 3.9.AHŞAP VE AHŞAP EŞYA, ÇANTALAR, ODUN, KÖMÜR VE MANTARDAN EŞYA, HASIRDAN SAZDAN VEYA ÖRÜLMEYE ELVERİŞLİ MADDELERDEN MAMULLER73 3.10.ODUN VE DİĞER LİFLİ SELÜLOZİK MADDELERİN HAMURLARI; KARTON, KÂĞIT DÖKÜNTÜLERİ77 3.11.DOKUMAYA ELVERİŞLİ MADDELER VE BUNLARDAN MAMUL EŞYA81 3.12.AYAKKABILAR, ŞEMSİYELER, BASTONLAR , KEMERLER, TÜYLER, YAPMA ÇİÇEK VB.85 3.13.TAŞ, ALÇI, ÇİMENTO, AMYANT, MİKA VB EŞYA, SERAMİK MAMULLERİ, CAM VE CAM EŞYA89 3.14.İNCİ, KIYMETLİ TAŞ, METAL MAMULLER VE MADENİ PARA93 3.15.ADİ METALLER VE ADİ METALLERDEN EŞYA97 3.16.MAKİNELER VE MEKANİK CİHAZLAR; ELEKTRİKLİ MAKİNE VE CİHAZLAR; BUNLARIN AKSAM VE PARÇALARI101 3.17.NAKİL VASITALARI105 3.18.DİĞER TİCARET MALLARI109 SONUÇ113 KAYNAKÇA116 ELEKTRONİK KAYNAKLAR118
The research area, Turkey and Moldova, are two countries that do not have borders with each other. 97% of Turkey's land is located in the Asian continent and 3% in the European continent. The entire territory of Moldova is in the European continent. Both countries have lands belonging to the Black Sea Basin. Although Moldova does not have a direct border with the Black Sea, commercial ships can reach the Black Sea through the Giurgileş Port on the Danube River. The surface area of Turkey is 780,350 km² and the average elevation above sea level is 1132 m. Turkey's population in 2022 was 85,279,553 and its 2022 GDP is 905 billion dollars. With this size, it is the 17th economy in the world and its annual income per capita is 10,600 dollars. Moldova has an area of 33,851 km² and an average elevation of 147 m above sea level. Moldova, which had a population of 2,565,030 in 2022, had a per capita income of $5,743 and a GDP of $14,520,739 billion in 2022. The economies of Turkey and Moldova have a fragile structure. The main problem of both countries is the energy deficit. Both countries meet their mineral fuel needs from abroad and therefore have budget deficits. 1/ 3 of Turkey's land is suitable for agriculture. Its industry is more developed than Moldova's. 80% of Moldova's land is covered with chernozem. The country's economy depends on agriculture. The most cultivated agricultural products are oilseeds, grain and wine grapes. The beginning of trade relations between the two countries corresponds to 1992. The trade volume, which has increased with the commercial agreements of governments, has changed over the years, but Turkey's export figures have been higher than its import figures. The trade that started in 1992 started with $14,786 worth of exports and $1,742,058 worth of imports. By 2022, exports of $478,415,519 and imports of $296,674,505 were reached. Machinery, automotive, knitted clothing and home textile products ranked first in Turkey's exports to Moldova. In Turkey's imports from Moldova, cereals, oilseeds, iron and steel products are the leading sectors and constitute the majority of imports. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREAMBLE III ABSTRACT IV ABSTRACT V ABBREVATIONS VI LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES IX CHAPTER ONE 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5 1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES 7 1.3. PURPOSE AND METHOD 10 1.4. LOCATION, BOUNDARIES AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH AREA 12 2. TURKEY-MOLDOVA FOREIGN TRADE 28 2.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH ECONOMY 28 2.1.1. Pre-1980 Period 28 2.1.2. Post-1980 Period 28 2.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOLDOVA ECONOMY 31 2.2.1. Pre-1992 Period 31 2.2.2. Post-1992 Period 31 2.3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKEY-MOLDOVA TRADE 33 2.4. TRADE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN TURKEY AND MOLDOVA 38 3. EXAMINATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE BETWEEN TURKEY AND MOLDOVA ACCORDING TO ARTICLE GROUPS 39 3.1. LIVE ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS 39 3.2. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS 43 3.3. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS 47 3.4. FOOD INDUSTRY PREPARATIONS 51 3.5. MINERAL SUBSTANCES 56 3.6. PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED INDUSTRIES 60 3.7. PLASTICS, RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF 65 3.8. LEATHER, LEATHER, FUR AND ARTICLES MANUFACTURED THEREOF, SADDLERY, BAGS 69 3.9. WOOD AND WOODEN ARTICLES, BAGS, ARTICLES OF WOOD, COAL AND CORK, ARTICLES OF WICKS, RECEPS OR KNITTING MATERIALS 73 3.10. WOOD AND OTHER FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIALS PULP; CARDBOARD, PAPER WASTE 77 3.11. MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR WEAVING AND ARTICLES MANUFACTURED THEREOF 81 3.12. SHOES, UMBRELLAS, WALKING STICKS, BELTS, FEATHERS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, ETC. 85 3.13. STONE, PLASTER, CEMENT, ABYSS, MICA, ETC. ARTICLES, CERAMIC PRODUCTS, GLASS AND GLASSWARE 89 3.14. PEARLS, PRECIOUS STONES, METAL ARTICLES AND COINS 93 3.15. BASE METALS AND ARTICLES OF BASE METALS 97 3.16. MACHINES AND MECHANICAL DEVICES; ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DEVICES; PARTS AND PARTS THEREOF 101 3.17. TRANSPORT VEHICLES 105 3.18. OTHER TRADE GOODS 109 CONCLUSION 113 REFERENCES 116 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES 118
The research area, Turkey and Moldova, are two countries that do not have borders with each other. 97% of Turkey's land is located in the Asian continent and 3% in the European continent. The entire territory of Moldova is in the European continent. Both countries have lands belonging to the Black Sea Basin. Although Moldova does not have a direct border with the Black Sea, commercial ships can reach the Black Sea through the Giurgileş Port on the Danube River. The surface area of Turkey is 780,350 km² and the average elevation above sea level is 1132 m. Turkey's population in 2022 was 85,279,553 and its 2022 GDP is 905 billion dollars. With this size, it is the 17th economy in the world and its annual income per capita is 10,600 dollars. Moldova has an area of 33,851 km² and an average elevation of 147 m above sea level. Moldova, which had a population of 2,565,030 in 2022, had a per capita income of $5,743 and a GDP of $14,520,739 billion in 2022. The economies of Turkey and Moldova have a fragile structure. The main problem of both countries is the energy deficit. Both countries meet their mineral fuel needs from abroad and therefore have budget deficits. 1/ 3 of Turkey's land is suitable for agriculture. Its industry is more developed than Moldova's. 80% of Moldova's land is covered with chernozem. The country's economy depends on agriculture. The most cultivated agricultural products are oilseeds, grain and wine grapes. The beginning of trade relations between the two countries corresponds to 1992. The trade volume, which has increased with the commercial agreements of governments, has changed over the years, but Turkey's export figures have been higher than its import figures. The trade that started in 1992 started with $14,786 worth of exports and $1,742,058 worth of imports. By 2022, exports of $478,415,519 and imports of $296,674,505 were reached. Machinery, automotive, knitted clothing and home textile products ranked first in Turkey's exports to Moldova. In Turkey's imports from Moldova, cereals, oilseeds, iron and steel products are the leading sectors and constitute the majority of imports. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREAMBLE III ABSTRACT IV ABSTRACT V ABBREVATIONS VI LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES IX CHAPTER ONE 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5 1.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES 7 1.3. PURPOSE AND METHOD 10 1.4. LOCATION, BOUNDARIES AND GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH AREA 12 2. TURKEY-MOLDOVA FOREIGN TRADE 28 2.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH ECONOMY 28 2.1.1. Pre-1980 Period 28 2.1.2. Post-1980 Period 28 2.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MOLDOVA ECONOMY 31 2.2.1. Pre-1992 Period 31 2.2.2. Post-1992 Period 31 2.3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKEY-MOLDOVA TRADE 33 2.4. TRADE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN TURKEY AND MOLDOVA 38 3. EXAMINATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE BETWEEN TURKEY AND MOLDOVA ACCORDING TO ARTICLE GROUPS 39 3.1. LIVE ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS 39 3.2. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS 43 3.3. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS 47 3.4. FOOD INDUSTRY PREPARATIONS 51 3.5. MINERAL SUBSTANCES 56 3.6. PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED INDUSTRIES 60 3.7. PLASTICS, RUBBER AND ARTICLES THEREOF 65 3.8. LEATHER, LEATHER, FUR AND ARTICLES MANUFACTURED THEREOF, SADDLERY, BAGS 69 3.9. WOOD AND WOODEN ARTICLES, BAGS, ARTICLES OF WOOD, COAL AND CORK, ARTICLES OF WICKS, RECEPS OR KNITTING MATERIALS 73 3.10. WOOD AND OTHER FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIALS PULP; CARDBOARD, PAPER WASTE 77 3.11. MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR WEAVING AND ARTICLES MANUFACTURED THEREOF 81 3.12. SHOES, UMBRELLAS, WALKING STICKS, BELTS, FEATHERS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, ETC. 85 3.13. STONE, PLASTER, CEMENT, ABYSS, MICA, ETC. ARTICLES, CERAMIC PRODUCTS, GLASS AND GLASSWARE 89 3.14. PEARLS, PRECIOUS STONES, METAL ARTICLES AND COINS 93 3.15. BASE METALS AND ARTICLES OF BASE METALS 97 3.16. MACHINES AND MECHANICAL DEVICES; ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DEVICES; PARTS AND PARTS THEREOF 101 3.17. TRANSPORT VEHICLES 105 3.18. OTHER TRADE GOODS 109 CONCLUSION 113 REFERENCES 116 ELECTRONIC RESOURCES 118