Publication: Kavramsal fotoğraf bağlamında gündelik nesnelerin metaforik yorumu
Abstract
En genel tanımıyla sanat, yaratıcılığın ve hayal gücünün dışavurumudur. Tarih içinde sanatın ne olduğu ve neyin sanat olduğuna dair tartışmalar devam etmiş, bu anlamda düşünceler ve fikirler tartışılmış, her dönem tanım konusunda da farklılıklar yaşanmıştır. Bu tartışmalar ise sanatın uygulama biçimlerinde yenilikler doğurmuştur. 19. ve 20. Yüzyılda da toplumsal ve siyasal gelişmelere bağlı olarak ya da bağımsız olarak değişen ve dönüşen sanat, teknolojinin de gelişmesiyle hızlı bir evrimleşme sürecine girmiştir. Otoriteye bağlı olan geleneksel sanat anlayışına karşı duruş ve tavır sergileyen sanatçılar zaman zaman veya dönem dönem kendi düşünceleri ve fikirleri bağlamında yeni anlamlar yaratmış ve bu hareketlere bağlı olarak avangart kararlar almıştır. Bu kararlar sonunda kimi zaman kiliseye kimi zaman galeriye kimi zaman da müzelere ve jürilere karşı duruş anlamında çeşitli akımlar oluşmuş ve toplum içinde bu hareketler yer bulmuştur. Özellikle 19. Yüzyıl sonu ve 20. Yüzyıl başlarında ortaya çıkan avangart akımlardan Empresyonizm, Ekspresyonizm, Dadaizm, Sürrealizm, Kübizm, Pop-Art ve Kavramsal Sanat akımları otoritenin isteklerinden sıyrılmış sanatçıların duygu ve düşüncelerinin yansımaları ile dolu olan eserler üretmiş ve geleceğe ışık tutmuşlardır. Bu yenilikçi anlayış sanatçıların cesaretini arttırmış ve bazı dönemlerde kitlesel hareketlere dönüşmüştür. Özellikle sanatın malzemesi konusunda büyük dönüşümler yaşanmış, insan duygu ve düşünceleri bile bazı nesnelerle biçimlendirilmiş ve sanatın kendisi haline gelmiştir. Sanatta nesne kullanımına ilişkin kilometre taşı olarak kabul edilen Marcel Duchamp’ın “Pisuar”ı kavramsal anlayışın -ve sonrasında çağdaş sanatın- en büyük ve meşhur eserlerinden biridir. Duchamp ’ın bu yaklaşımı sanatta hazır nesne kullanımı konusunda oldukça önemli bir etki bırakmış ve bu yolculuğun başlangıcı olarak görülmektedir. Fotoğraf Sanatı ise icat edildiği günden sonra inanılmaz bir hızda ilerlemiş, kendisini ispatlamış ve kullanım bakımından belli dönemlerde birçok avangart akımın kurtarıcısı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Hatta bazı akımların eser üretimlerinde baş rolü oynamıştır. Özellikle Dadacı anlayışın eserlerinde direkt ya da başlıca unsurlardan biri olmuştur. Sürrealist eserler üreten önemli sanatçılar fotoğrafın oluşum mantığıyla yeni ve farklı tekniklerle eserler üretmiştir. Fotoğraf, kavramsal anlamda üretilen işlerde çoğunlukla ana unsur olmuş ve anlatımı oldukça güçlendirmiştir. Kavramsal Sanatın ortaya çıkmasından sonraki süreçte Kavramsal Fotoğraf terimi de hayat bulmuş ve birçok fotoğraf sanatçısı duygu ve düşüncelerini hem dış mekânda hem de iç mekânda ve her ‘şey’ i malzeme olarak kullanıp sanat anlayışlarını biçimlendirmişlerdir. Kavramı sanat yoluyla anlatmada şüphesiz en etkili yöntemlerden biri “Metafor” kullanımıdır. Sıradan objeleri bağlamından kopararak ve sanatın merkezine alarak başka anlamlar yaratma çabası metaforlar aracılığıyla gerçekleşebilir. Bu bağlamda ‘kavram’ ve ‘metafor’ birbirlerinin destekçisi ve tamamlayıcısıdırlar. Modern ve Postmodern dönemlerde, görsel ve plastik sanatlarda, avangart akımlarda kavramsal sanat anlayışıyla eser üreten sanatçılar metafor kavramını önemsemiş ve kullanmışlardır. Bu çalışmada modernleşme hareketleri ile birlikte postmodern dönem ve çağımıza kadar kavramsal sanatın başlangıcı ve serüveni araştırılmış, açıklayıcı metafor kavramı ve kavramsal fotoğraf sanatçıları örnekleriyle birlikte “Kavramsal Fotoğraf” disiplini, şahsıma ait özgün çalışmalarla birlikte anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır.
In its most general definition, art is the expression of creativity and imagination. Discussions about what art is and what they experienced in their art continued throughout history, these people and thoughts were discussed, and there were groups about the definition of each period. These discussions, on the other hand, have led to innovations in the forms of implementation. 19th and 20. In the 21st century, it progresses depending on the social and political developments or independently, and the transformed art begins to evolve rapidly with the developments they expect. From time to time or periodically maintaining its own gains and dominance, which exhibits a stance and attitude against the traditional understanding of art, which is dependent on the authority, has created new meanings and has taken avant-garde decisions depending on these movements. As a result of these decisions, various movements were formed, sometimes against the church, sometimes against the gallery, sometimes against museums and juries, and these movements took place in the society. Especially in the 19. End of century and 20. Impressionism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Cubism, Pop-Art and Conceptual Art movements, which were avant-garde movements that emerged at the beginning of the century, produced works full of emotions and reflections of artists, and shed light on the future. This understanding of accommodation increased the courage of the artists and in some periods turned into mass movements. Especially in software, there have been great transformations, even human emotion and operation have been shaped by some objects and have come to art itself. Considered a milestone in the use of objects in art, Marcel Duchamp's “Urinal” is one of the biggest and most famous pieces of the prisoner understanding - and later of contemporary art. This approach of Duchamp left a significant impact on the use of ready-made objects in art and is seen as the beginning of this journey. The Art of Photography, on the other hand, has progressed at an incredible speed since the day it was invented, has proven itself and has been accepted as the savior of many avantgarde movements in certain periods in terms of usage. He even played a leading role in the production of works of some movements. In particular, it has been one of the direct or main elements in the works of the Dadaist understanding. Important artists who produced surrealist works produced works with new and different techniques with the formation logic of photography. Photography has mostly been the main element in the works produced conceptually and has greatly strengthened the expression. In the process after the emergence of Conceptual Art, the term Conceptual Photography came to life and many photographers shaped their understanding of art by using their feelings and thoughts both indoors and outdoors, using every 'thing' as a material. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective methods of expressing the concept through art is the use of metaphor. The effort to create other meanings by detaching ordinary objects from their context and putting them in the center of art can be realized through metaphors. In this context, 'concept' and 'metaphor' support and complement each other. In the modern and postmodern periods, artists who produced works with a conceptual understanding of art in visual and plastic arts and avant-garde movements gave importance to the concept of metaphor and used it. In this study, the beginning and adventure of conceptual art until the postmodern period and our age, together with the modernization movements, has been researched, the concept of explanatory metaphor and the concept of Conceptual Photography with examples of conceptual photography artists have been tried to be explained together with my original works.
In its most general definition, art is the expression of creativity and imagination. Discussions about what art is and what they experienced in their art continued throughout history, these people and thoughts were discussed, and there were groups about the definition of each period. These discussions, on the other hand, have led to innovations in the forms of implementation. 19th and 20. In the 21st century, it progresses depending on the social and political developments or independently, and the transformed art begins to evolve rapidly with the developments they expect. From time to time or periodically maintaining its own gains and dominance, which exhibits a stance and attitude against the traditional understanding of art, which is dependent on the authority, has created new meanings and has taken avant-garde decisions depending on these movements. As a result of these decisions, various movements were formed, sometimes against the church, sometimes against the gallery, sometimes against museums and juries, and these movements took place in the society. Especially in the 19. End of century and 20. Impressionism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Cubism, Pop-Art and Conceptual Art movements, which were avant-garde movements that emerged at the beginning of the century, produced works full of emotions and reflections of artists, and shed light on the future. This understanding of accommodation increased the courage of the artists and in some periods turned into mass movements. Especially in software, there have been great transformations, even human emotion and operation have been shaped by some objects and have come to art itself. Considered a milestone in the use of objects in art, Marcel Duchamp's “Urinal” is one of the biggest and most famous pieces of the prisoner understanding - and later of contemporary art. This approach of Duchamp left a significant impact on the use of ready-made objects in art and is seen as the beginning of this journey. The Art of Photography, on the other hand, has progressed at an incredible speed since the day it was invented, has proven itself and has been accepted as the savior of many avantgarde movements in certain periods in terms of usage. He even played a leading role in the production of works of some movements. In particular, it has been one of the direct or main elements in the works of the Dadaist understanding. Important artists who produced surrealist works produced works with new and different techniques with the formation logic of photography. Photography has mostly been the main element in the works produced conceptually and has greatly strengthened the expression. In the process after the emergence of Conceptual Art, the term Conceptual Photography came to life and many photographers shaped their understanding of art by using their feelings and thoughts both indoors and outdoors, using every 'thing' as a material. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective methods of expressing the concept through art is the use of metaphor. The effort to create other meanings by detaching ordinary objects from their context and putting them in the center of art can be realized through metaphors. In this context, 'concept' and 'metaphor' support and complement each other. In the modern and postmodern periods, artists who produced works with a conceptual understanding of art in visual and plastic arts and avant-garde movements gave importance to the concept of metaphor and used it. In this study, the beginning and adventure of conceptual art until the postmodern period and our age, together with the modernization movements, has been researched, the concept of explanatory metaphor and the concept of Conceptual Photography with examples of conceptual photography artists have been tried to be explained together with my original works.