Publication: Tekstil tasarımının gelişmesinde bauhaus eğitim anlayışının rolü
Abstract
Örtünmek, ilkçağlardan beri insanların temel ihtiyaçları arasında yer almış ve bu ihtiyacı gidermek için her toplum
yeni yöntemler icat etmişlerdir. Yerleşik hayata geçilmesi, madenlerin işlenmesi ve dünya yüzeyinin sınırlara ayrılarak
devletlerin kurulmasıyla el sanatları arasında yer alan örücülük, nakış, dokuma gibi uğraşlar önemli bir ticari kaynak
haline gelerek, rekabet koşullarını belirleyen unsurlar arasında yer almıştır. Özellikle yeni bir dünya düzeni yaratan
sanayi devrimi, insan gücünden makine gücüne geçilmesini sağlayarak, tekstil üretimi üzerinde köklü değişiklikler
yaratmış ve tasarım kavramının ortaya çıkmasını tetiklemiştir. Sanayi devrimi, zanaat olarak adlandırılan uğraşları
birer endüstri koluna dönüştürürken tekstil için yeni bir olgu meydana getirmiş ve eskiden loncalar aracılığıyla verilen
eğitimler farklı bir boyut kazanarak, modern güzel sanatlar eğitiminin temelleri için fikirlerin ortaya çıkmasında etkili
olmuştur. Bu olgu içerisinde gelişen mekanik üretim sistemleri, sanat, tasarım ve eğitim için yeni yollar açarak, dünya
çapında değişiklikler yaratacak akımların ortaya çıkması için zemin hazırlamıştır. Bunlardan en önemlisi kuşkusuz
Bauhaus ekolüdür. Walter Gropius’un önderliğinde kurulan Bauhaus, sanayinin tek tip üretimini eleştirerek, üretimin
içerisine tasarımı yerleştirmeyi hedef alan bir eğitim modelini esas alarak Almanya’da kurulmuştur. Almanya’dan
Amerika’ya, Avrupa ve Türkiye’ye ulaşan Bauhaus Okulu, sanayi için prototip atölye merkezi haline getiren eğitim
modeli ile ortaya çıktığı dönemde tasarımın yanı sıra insan hayatına dokunan odakları şekillendirmiştir. Böylece
Bauhaus, bir el işi ustası ile bir ressamı bir araya getirmiş disiplinler arası etkileşimin de önünü açarak yeni tasarım
ve tasarımcı modellerinin yetiştirilmesi için uygun bir okul-sanayi ortamı hazırlamıştır. Ayrıca Bauhaus’un akademik
eğitim sistemleri içerisindeki farkı tıpkı eski atölyecilik geleneğinde olduğu gibi hoca öğrenci yerine usta ve çırak
hiyerarşisi ile eğitim vermeyi sürdürmüş olmasıdır. Bu bildiride, Bauhaus Okulu’nun eğitim anlayışının güzel sanatlar
okullarına olan etkileri, Bauhaus eğitmenlerinin öğrenme üzerine fikirleri, el sanatları olarak tanımlanan zanaatları
gelenekten geleceğe nasıl taşıdığı, disiplinleri bir araya getiren kollektif öğrenci çalışma metodları, okul ve sanayi
işbirliği için geliştirdiği atölye çalışmaları irdelenerek 20. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar gelişen akademik eğitim
modelleri üzerindeki rolü anlatılacaktır.
Covering has been among the basic needs of people since ancient times, and every society has invented new methods to meet this need. With the transition to settled life, the processing of mines and the establishment of states by dividing the world surface into borders, knitting, embroidery and weaving, which are among the handicrafts, have become an important commercial resource and have taken place among the factors that determine the conditions of competition. Especially, the industrial revolution, which created a new world order, made radical changes in textile production by enabling the transition from human power to machine power and triggered the emergence of the concept of design. While the industrial revolution transformed the so-called crafts into a branch of industry, it created a new phenomenon for textile, and the trainings given by the guilds in the past gained a different dimension and influenced the emergence of ideas for the foundations of modern fine arts education. The mechanical production systems that have developed within this phenomenon have paved the way for the emergence of trends that will create worldwide changes by opening new avenues for art, design and education.The most important of these is undoubtedly the Bauhaus school. Established under the leadership of Walter Gropius, Bauhaus was founded in Germany on the basis of an educational model that aims to place design in the production by criticizing the uniform production of the industry. To America from Germany, the Bauhaus School of reaching Europe and Turkey, which became the prototype workshop for industry training center model emerged with period design, as well as human life has been shaped by touching the focus. Thus, Bauhaus brought together a handicraft master and a painter, paving the way for interdisciplinary interaction and preparing a suitable schoolindustry environment for the cultivation of new design and designer models. In addition, the difference of Bauhaus in academic education systems isthat it continues to provide education with a hierarchy of masters and apprentices, instead of teacher students, just like in the old workshop tradition. In this paper, the effects of the Bauhaus School's understanding of education on fine arts schools, the ideas of Bauhaus instructors on learning, how they carry the crafts defined as handicrafts from tradition to the future, collective student study methods that bring disciplines together, workshops developed for school and industry cooperation are discussed. Its role on academic education models that have been developed from the century to the present will be explained.
Covering has been among the basic needs of people since ancient times, and every society has invented new methods to meet this need. With the transition to settled life, the processing of mines and the establishment of states by dividing the world surface into borders, knitting, embroidery and weaving, which are among the handicrafts, have become an important commercial resource and have taken place among the factors that determine the conditions of competition. Especially, the industrial revolution, which created a new world order, made radical changes in textile production by enabling the transition from human power to machine power and triggered the emergence of the concept of design. While the industrial revolution transformed the so-called crafts into a branch of industry, it created a new phenomenon for textile, and the trainings given by the guilds in the past gained a different dimension and influenced the emergence of ideas for the foundations of modern fine arts education. The mechanical production systems that have developed within this phenomenon have paved the way for the emergence of trends that will create worldwide changes by opening new avenues for art, design and education.The most important of these is undoubtedly the Bauhaus school. Established under the leadership of Walter Gropius, Bauhaus was founded in Germany on the basis of an educational model that aims to place design in the production by criticizing the uniform production of the industry. To America from Germany, the Bauhaus School of reaching Europe and Turkey, which became the prototype workshop for industry training center model emerged with period design, as well as human life has been shaped by touching the focus. Thus, Bauhaus brought together a handicraft master and a painter, paving the way for interdisciplinary interaction and preparing a suitable schoolindustry environment for the cultivation of new design and designer models. In addition, the difference of Bauhaus in academic education systems isthat it continues to provide education with a hierarchy of masters and apprentices, instead of teacher students, just like in the old workshop tradition. In this paper, the effects of the Bauhaus School's understanding of education on fine arts schools, the ideas of Bauhaus instructors on learning, how they carry the crafts defined as handicrafts from tradition to the future, collective student study methods that bring disciplines together, workshops developed for school and industry cooperation are discussed. Its role on academic education models that have been developed from the century to the present will be explained.
Description
Citation
Özdemir Uysal B., Demirtay N., \"TEKSTİL TASARIMININ GELİŞMESİNDE BAUHAUS EĞİTİM ANLAYIŞININ ROLÜ\", ULUSLARARASI AVRASYA SOSYAL BİLİMLER KONGRESİ- 4, Muğla, Türkiye, 15 Ekim 2020, ss.36-55
