Publication: Yahudilikte midraşik literatürün tarihsel gelişimi
Abstract
YAHUDİLİKTE MİDRAŞİK LİTERATÜRÜN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ Midraş bir tür Tanah yorumu ve bu yorumun yer aldığı literatürün ismidir. Yahudilikte peşat, remez, deraş ve sod denilen dört farklı yorum metodu vardır. Bunlar birlikte Pardes olarak ifade edilmektedir. Rabbâni Yahudilikteki Çift Tora İnancına göre Tanrı Sina’da Yahudilere Yazılı Tora ve Şifahi Tora’yı vahyetmiştir. Şifahi Tora, Yazılı Tora’da yer almayan bazı kural ve yasalarla onun yorumlarını içermektedir. Mişna, Tosefta, Kudüs Talmudu, Bâbil Talmudu ve Midraş literatürü Şifahi Tora’yı oluşturmaktadır. Midraş literatürü Yahudilerin uzun yıllar boyunca değişik şartların etkisi altında kutsal kitabı nasıl anlayıp yorumladıklarını göstermekte ve tarihi süreç içerisinde biriken Yahudi yorumu ve geleneklerini muhafaza ederek günümüze aktarmaktadır. Oluşturuldukları dönem, bu literatürü oluşturan ekoller ve eserde incelenen konular dikkate alınarak midraş literatürü ile ilgili farklı tasnifler yapılsa da bunlar kesinlik arz etmemektedir. Midraş literatürü Mişna öncesi dönemde henüz yazıya geçirilmemiş; özellikle dini ibadete bağlı olarak cemaat içerisinde mevcudiyetini sürdürmüştür. Mişna sonrası dönemde ilk olarak Ahkâm Tefsiri diyebileceğimiz Midraş Halahalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Talmud sonrası dönemden itibaren Menkıbevî Tefsir diyebileceğimiz Midraş Hagadalar oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonraları bir konu hakkında yazılmış olan Küçük Midraşlar ve son olarak önceki midraş eserleri kullanılarak derleme tarzında geniş hacimli midraşlar ortaya çıkmıştır. draş, Midraş Literatürü, Halaha, Hagada, Pardes,
HİSTORİCAL DEVELOPMENT OF MİDRASHİC LİTERATURE İN JUDAİSM Midrash is a kind of Jewish Bible interpretation and literature that involves this interpretation. Peshat, remez, derash and sod are four different kinds of Tanah interpretation methods which are named as Pardes together. According to Dual Tora belief, God revealed to the Jews both Written Tora and Oral Tora. Oral Tora includes the laws, rules and interpretations that were not recorded in Written Tora. Midrash literature is one of the parts of Oral Tora; and shows how the Jews understood and interpreted the Holy Book throughout the years under the influence of different conditions and transmits Jewish interpretations and traditions that have accumulated through history to the present time. There are different classifications related to midrash literature considering different criterias. Nevertheless these classifications have lack of accuracy. In the pre-Mishnaic period, midrash literature was not put into writing; especially it maintained its presence via religious worship in the community. In the post-Mishnaic period, first of all Halakhic Midrashim emerged. Since the post-Talmudic period Haggadic Midrashim were formed. Afterwards, smaller midrash books, which were written about a special subject, emerged and finally there emerged a large volume compilation which consists of the previous Midrash literature Key Words : Midrash, Midrash literature, Halakha, Haggada, Pardes
HİSTORİCAL DEVELOPMENT OF MİDRASHİC LİTERATURE İN JUDAİSM Midrash is a kind of Jewish Bible interpretation and literature that involves this interpretation. Peshat, remez, derash and sod are four different kinds of Tanah interpretation methods which are named as Pardes together. According to Dual Tora belief, God revealed to the Jews both Written Tora and Oral Tora. Oral Tora includes the laws, rules and interpretations that were not recorded in Written Tora. Midrash literature is one of the parts of Oral Tora; and shows how the Jews understood and interpreted the Holy Book throughout the years under the influence of different conditions and transmits Jewish interpretations and traditions that have accumulated through history to the present time. There are different classifications related to midrash literature considering different criterias. Nevertheless these classifications have lack of accuracy. In the pre-Mishnaic period, midrash literature was not put into writing; especially it maintained its presence via religious worship in the community. In the post-Mishnaic period, first of all Halakhic Midrashim emerged. Since the post-Talmudic period Haggadic Midrashim were formed. Afterwards, smaller midrash books, which were written about a special subject, emerged and finally there emerged a large volume compilation which consists of the previous Midrash literature Key Words : Midrash, Midrash literature, Halakha, Haggada, Pardes