Publication: Duafa literatürü: doğuşu, gelişimi, başlıca özellikleri ve rivâyetü’l-hadis kitaplarıyla ilişkisi
Abstract
rekutnî, Duafâ, Hadis Tenkidi, Sünen, Zayıf Râvî ÖZET DUAFÂ LİTERATÜRÜ: DOĞUŞU, GELİŞİMİ, BAŞLICA ÖZELLİKLERİ VE RİVÂYETÜ’L-HADİS KİTAPLARIYLA İLİŞKİSİ Hadis tenkidine dair yazılmış eserler arasında, yalnızca zayıf râvîleri bir araya getiren duafâ eserleri önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Duafâ literatürünün gelişimi, günümüze ulaşmış örneklerin yazıldıkları zaman aralıklarına ve muhtevalarına göre dört safhada incelenebilir. III./ IX. yüzyılda Buhârî (ö. 256/ 870) ve Ebû Zürʻa er-Râzî (ö. 259/ 873) gibi müelliflerin zayıf râvîlerin isimlerini derleyen çalışmaları duafâ literatürünün ilk örneklerini oluşturur. Ukaylî (ö. 322/ 934), İbn Hibban (ö. 354/ 965) ve İbn Adî’nin (ö. 365/ 976) IV./ X. yüzyılın ilk yarısındaki eserleri, duafâ literatürünün gelişiminde ayrıntılı ve sistematik eserlerin ortaya konduğu ikinci safhaya işaret eder. Bu eserlerde incelenen râvî sayısı literatürün önceki örneklerine göre belirgin biçimde yüksek olduğu gibi, râvîler hakkında verilen bilgi de tenkit gerekçelerini ve hatalı rivayet örneklerini kapsayacak şekilde geniştir. IV./ X. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren İbn Şahin (ö. 385/ 996) ve Dârekutnî (ö. 385/ 995) gibi yazarların dar kapsamlı eserleriyle varlığını sürdüren bu literatür, Zehebî (ö. 748/ 1348) ve İbn Hacer (ö. 852/ 1449) gibi müteahhirîn simaların hacimli kitaplarıyla dördüncü safhasını tamamlayarak sona ermiştir. Duafâ literatüründe râvîler hakkında yapılmış tenkiterin sonuçlarını görmek için hadis kaynaklarına bakmak gerekmektedir. Bu tezde örnek olarak seçilen Dârekutnî’nin Sünen’inde zayıf râvîlerin hadislerine yer verilmesinin başlıca sebebi, sahih hadislere muhalefet eden tariklerin gösterilmek istenmesidir. Öte yandan eserde, râvînin zayıflığının, rivayetinin de her zaman zayıf olması sonucunu doğurmadığını gösteren kullanımlar da mevcuttur. raqutnī, Duafā, Hadith Criticism, Sunan, Weak Transmitter
THE DUʻAFĀ LITERATURE: ITS ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT, MAIN FEATURES, AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH HADITH COLLECTIONS The duafā works that include only the weak transmitters constitute a significant part of the literature on hadith criticism. The development of the duafā literature can be analyzed in four different phases based on the time periods and contents of the collections that survive today. The first representatives of the duafā literature include the early collections of weak transmitters compiled by such 3rd/ 9th-century scholars as al-Bukhari (d. 256/ 870) and Abu Zurʻa al-Rāzī (d. 259/ 873). The collections compiled in the first half of the 4th/ 10th century by ʻUqaylī (d. 322/ 934), Ibn Hibban (d. 354/ 965) and Ibn ʻAdī (d. 365/ 976) represent the second phase in the development of the duafā literature in which detailed and systematic studies were done. These works not only include a considerably higher number of narrators compared to previous representatives of the literature but they are also so comprehensive as to contain both rich information on the reasons for criticism of narrators and examples from their mistaken ahadith. The third phase of the development of the duafā literature entails studies of narrower scope compiled as of the second half of the 4th/ 10th century by such scholars as Ibn Shahin (d. 385/ 996) and Dāraqutnī (d. 385/ 995). The duafā literature came to an end with the completion of its last phase by the comprehensive and voluminous compilations of such later (mutaakhkhirīn) figures as al-Dhahabī (d. 748/ 1348) and Ibn Hajar (d. 852/ 1449). Obviously, one needs to examine the hadith collections in order to see the implications of the ciritiques of transmitters in the duafā literature. In this context, this dissertation examines Dāraqutnī’s Sunan as a case of hadith criticism where the narrations of weak transmitters are included primarily for the purpose of exploring the transmissions (tariqs) that diverge from authentic ahadith. However, the collection also entails renderings that demonstrate that the weakness of a transmitter does not always imply that of their narration.
THE DUʻAFĀ LITERATURE: ITS ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT, MAIN FEATURES, AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH HADITH COLLECTIONS The duafā works that include only the weak transmitters constitute a significant part of the literature on hadith criticism. The development of the duafā literature can be analyzed in four different phases based on the time periods and contents of the collections that survive today. The first representatives of the duafā literature include the early collections of weak transmitters compiled by such 3rd/ 9th-century scholars as al-Bukhari (d. 256/ 870) and Abu Zurʻa al-Rāzī (d. 259/ 873). The collections compiled in the first half of the 4th/ 10th century by ʻUqaylī (d. 322/ 934), Ibn Hibban (d. 354/ 965) and Ibn ʻAdī (d. 365/ 976) represent the second phase in the development of the duafā literature in which detailed and systematic studies were done. These works not only include a considerably higher number of narrators compared to previous representatives of the literature but they are also so comprehensive as to contain both rich information on the reasons for criticism of narrators and examples from their mistaken ahadith. The third phase of the development of the duafā literature entails studies of narrower scope compiled as of the second half of the 4th/ 10th century by such scholars as Ibn Shahin (d. 385/ 996) and Dāraqutnī (d. 385/ 995). The duafā literature came to an end with the completion of its last phase by the comprehensive and voluminous compilations of such later (mutaakhkhirīn) figures as al-Dhahabī (d. 748/ 1348) and Ibn Hajar (d. 852/ 1449). Obviously, one needs to examine the hadith collections in order to see the implications of the ciritiques of transmitters in the duafā literature. In this context, this dissertation examines Dāraqutnī’s Sunan as a case of hadith criticism where the narrations of weak transmitters are included primarily for the purpose of exploring the transmissions (tariqs) that diverge from authentic ahadith. However, the collection also entails renderings that demonstrate that the weakness of a transmitter does not always imply that of their narration.