Publication: İslam hukukunda alacak hakkı kavramı
Abstract
Alacak hakkı bir borç ilişkisi kapsamında borçlunun alacaklı karşısında yerine getirmesi gereken yükümlülüğün, alacaklı açısından tezahür ediş biçimidir. Aynî haklarla birlikte malvarlığı sahasının en önemli bileşenini oluşturan alacak hakkı fıkıh literatüründe genellikle milk kapsamında ele alınmakta ve yükümlülüğün türüne göre deyn, vâcib, iltizam gibi kavramlarla ifade edilmektedir. İslam hukuku borç ve mutalebe kavramlarının arasını net bir şekilde ayırmakta, bu sayede borçluyu alacaklının tahakkümünden belirli ölçüde azade kılarak objektif bir borç telakkisini benimsemektedir. İslam hukukçularının kelam ilmine ait kabulleri parça borçları konusunda etkili olmuş, bu durum özellikle de mülkiyetin nakli şeklinde gerçekleşen parça borçlarından söz etmeyi zorlaştırmıştır. İşgörme şeklinde gerçekleşen yapma borçlarının pek çok örneğine fıkıh eserlerinde rastlamak mümkünse de yapmama borçlarına ilke olarak yalnızca diğer olumlu edimler kapsamındaki yan yükümlülükler şeklinde yer verilmektedir. Alacağın nakli konusunda İslam hukukçuları arasında farklı içtihatlar bulunsa da ticari toplumların yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte alacağın üçüncü kişilere temlikine izin veren fakihlerin görüşlerinin gittikçe kabule şayan hale geldiği görülmektedir.
Right of claim is the manifestation of the obligation that the debtor must fulfill against the creditor. It, together with the real rights, constitutes the most important component of the field of assets and is generally discussed within the scope of milk in the fiqh literatüre and according to the type of obligation, it is expressed with concepts such as dayn, wâcib, iltizam. Islamic law clearly distinguishes between the concepts of prestation and pretension (muṭālaba) in relation to generic debts. In this way, it adopts an objective debt idea by freeing the debtor from the domination of the creditor to a certain extent. The assumptions of Islamic jurists regarding the ‘ilm al-Kalam have been effective on the issue of specific obligations. For this reason, it has become difficult to talk about specific obligations, especially in the form of transfer of property. It is possible to find many examples of the obligations to act in the fiqh literature. However, in the literature, negative prestations are only included in the form of ancillary duties within the scope of other positive prestations. Different legal opinions has emerged among Islamic jurists on the issue of the debt assignment. However, with the spread of commercial societies, it is seen that the views of the Islamic jurists who allow the assignment of claim to third parties have become increasingly acceptable.
Right of claim is the manifestation of the obligation that the debtor must fulfill against the creditor. It, together with the real rights, constitutes the most important component of the field of assets and is generally discussed within the scope of milk in the fiqh literatüre and according to the type of obligation, it is expressed with concepts such as dayn, wâcib, iltizam. Islamic law clearly distinguishes between the concepts of prestation and pretension (muṭālaba) in relation to generic debts. In this way, it adopts an objective debt idea by freeing the debtor from the domination of the creditor to a certain extent. The assumptions of Islamic jurists regarding the ‘ilm al-Kalam have been effective on the issue of specific obligations. For this reason, it has become difficult to talk about specific obligations, especially in the form of transfer of property. It is possible to find many examples of the obligations to act in the fiqh literature. However, in the literature, negative prestations are only included in the form of ancillary duties within the scope of other positive prestations. Different legal opinions has emerged among Islamic jurists on the issue of the debt assignment. However, with the spread of commercial societies, it is seen that the views of the Islamic jurists who allow the assignment of claim to third parties have become increasingly acceptable.