Publication: İkli̇m deği̇şi̇kli̇ği̇ sorununa alternati̇f bi̇r kamu Poli̇ti̇kası : Karbon salınımının önlenmesi̇nde çevre vergi̇leri̇
Abstract
İklim değişikliği, 1980’li yıllardan itibaren bir sorun olarak değerlendirilip, günümüzde dünya çapında tartışılan ve çözüm arayışları aranan dinamik bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Uluslararası pek çok toplantı ve anlaşmalarla iklim değişikliğine yönelik adımlar atılmış, özellikle karbon salınımı konusunda ülkeleri bağlayıcı nitelikte kararlar alınmıştır. Ülkeler bu toplantı ve anlaşmalara binaen kendi iç dinamiklerine uygun politikalar uygulamaya başlamıştır. Farklı türde çevre kirliliklerinin azaltılabilmesi amacı ile uygulamaya konulan politikalardan birisi de çevre vergileridir. İklim değişikliği, çevre kirliliği ile doğrudan bağlantılı olduğu için bu çalışmada çevre vergileri, iklim değişikliğine alternatif bir kamu politikası önerisi olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, iklim değişikliği sorununa alternatif bir kamu politikası önerisi olarak çevre vergileri uygulamalarının CO2 (karbondioksit) salınımları üzerinde anlamlı ya da anlamsız bir etkisinin olup olmaması üzerine geniş bir tarih aralığı ve geniş bir ülke perspektifinde panel veri analizi ile test etmektir. Bu bağlamda iklim değişikliği göstergelerinden birisi olan karbondioksit emisyonu, araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bağımsız değişkenleri olarak ise: çevre vergileri, yenilenebilir enerji ve GSYH ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla OECD ülkelerinin, 1994-2019 yılları arasındaki verileri incelenmiştir. Ampirik analiz uygulamasında, yatay kesit bağımlılığı testi, homojenite testi, PANIC birim kök testi, Westerlund eşbütünleşme testi, F Testi, Hausman testi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, yenilenebilir enerjide meydana gelen her yüzde bir birimlik artışın karbondioksit salınımını %11.2 oranında azalttığı, GSYH’da meydana gelen her yüzde bir birimlik artışın karbondioksit salınımını %44 oranında arttırdığı ve çevre vergilerinde meydana gelen her yüzde bir birimlik artışın karbondioksit salınımını %4 oranında azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu veriler ışığında yenilenebilir enerji artışı kadar olmasa da, çevre vergilerinin iklim değişikliği sorununa alternatif bir kamu politikası olarak uygulanmasının, çevresel açıdan faydalı sonuçlar doğuracağı ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Climate change has been considered as a problem since the 1980s, and today it is a dynamic issue that is being discussed around the world and solutions are sought. Steps have been taken towards climate change through many international meetings and agreements, and decisions that are binding on countries, especially on carbon emissions, have been taken. Countries have started to implement policies in line with their internal dynamics based on these meetings and agreements. One of the policies put into practice with the aim of reducing different types of environmental pollution is environmental taxes. Since climate change is directly related to environmental pollution, environmental taxes are considered as an alternative public policy proposal to climate change in this study. The aim of the study is to test whether environmental taxes have a significant or insignificant effect on CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, as an alternative public policy proposal to the problem of climate change, with panel data analysis covering a wide date range and a high number of countries. In this context, carbon dioxide emission, which is one of the climate change indicators, was used as the dependent variable of the research. As for the independent variables of the research, environmental taxes, renewable energy and GDP were taken into consideration. For this purpose, the data of OECD countries between 1994 and 2019 were examined. In the empirical analysis application, cross section dependency test, homogeneity test, PANIC unit root test, Westerlund cointegration test, F test, Hausman test was performed. As a result of the analyses, it was found that every one percent increase in renewable energy reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 11.2%, that every one percent increase in GDP increases carbon dioxide emissions by 44%, and that every one percent increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 4%. It was concluded that the rate of decrease in the light of these data, it has been revealed that the implementation of environmental taxes as an alternative public policy to the problem of climate change will have environmentally beneficial results.
Climate change has been considered as a problem since the 1980s, and today it is a dynamic issue that is being discussed around the world and solutions are sought. Steps have been taken towards climate change through many international meetings and agreements, and decisions that are binding on countries, especially on carbon emissions, have been taken. Countries have started to implement policies in line with their internal dynamics based on these meetings and agreements. One of the policies put into practice with the aim of reducing different types of environmental pollution is environmental taxes. Since climate change is directly related to environmental pollution, environmental taxes are considered as an alternative public policy proposal to climate change in this study. The aim of the study is to test whether environmental taxes have a significant or insignificant effect on CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, as an alternative public policy proposal to the problem of climate change, with panel data analysis covering a wide date range and a high number of countries. In this context, carbon dioxide emission, which is one of the climate change indicators, was used as the dependent variable of the research. As for the independent variables of the research, environmental taxes, renewable energy and GDP were taken into consideration. For this purpose, the data of OECD countries between 1994 and 2019 were examined. In the empirical analysis application, cross section dependency test, homogeneity test, PANIC unit root test, Westerlund cointegration test, F test, Hausman test was performed. As a result of the analyses, it was found that every one percent increase in renewable energy reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 11.2%, that every one percent increase in GDP increases carbon dioxide emissions by 44%, and that every one percent increase in environmental taxes reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 4%. It was concluded that the rate of decrease in the light of these data, it has been revealed that the implementation of environmental taxes as an alternative public policy to the problem of climate change will have environmentally beneficial results.