Publication: Türk Hukukunda Aşırı İfa Güçlüğü ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesine Uygulanabilirliği
Abstract
Sözleşmeler hukukunun temel prensiplerinden bir tanesi sözleşmeye bağlılık ilkesidir. Ancak TBK md.138' de düzenlenen aşırı ifa güçlüğü durumunda bu ilkeye mutlak şekilde bağlı kalınması sözleşme adaleti ilkesine ters düşer ve sözleşmenin değişen koşullara uyarlanması veya bu mümkün olmazsa sona erdirilmesi gerekir. Bu kurumun şartları, öngörülemeyen olağanüstü bir durumun ortaya çıkması, durumun borçludan kaynaklanmamış olması, sözleşmenin yapıldığı sırada mevcut olan olguların dürüstlük kuralına aykırı düşecek derecede borçlu aleyhine değişmiş olması ve borçlunun borcunu ifa etmemiş veya ifanın güçleşmesinden doğan haklarını saklı tutarak ifa etmiş olmasıdır. Aşırı ifa güçlüğünün toplu iş sözleşmesine uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı da ayrı bir tartışma konusudur. Toplu iş sözleşmesi özerkliği, işçi sendikası ile işveren ya da işveren sendikasının devlet müdahalesi olmaksızın bağımsız olarak hukuki ilişkilerini düzenlemesidir. Bu özerklik, kollektif bir özerklik olup taraflar haricinde toplu iş sözleşmesine müdahale edilmemesini de beraberinde getirir. Ancak, adalet ve çalışma barışının korunması, borçlunun mahvı gibi gerekçelerle toplu iş sözleşmesine de TBK md. 138'deki hususlar uygulanmalı ve hakimin müdahalesi mümkün olmalıdır.
One of the main principles of contract law is pacta sund servanda. However, concuring with this principle strictly in case of hardship (which is regulated in Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 138) might be contrary to equity of contract, therefore, parties are entitled to adapt the contract in new circumstances or if not possible, they might terminate the contract. In order to apply this provision, there are four conditions, namely, emerging of an extraordinary unpredictable circumstance, this circumstance shall not stem from the debtor, the facts which are signing the contract shall be change afterward and effect the debtor's performance under good faith provison and debtor shall not fulfill his debt or shall fulfill it by reserving the right of hardship.Hardship would accepted as another subject debate in the collective labour law practice. The autonomy of collective labour agreement means that labour union and employer or employer union could draw a contract without the intervention of government. That autonomy occurs in a collective approach and bring a result that prevent any intervention of others rather than the parties of the collective labour agreement. However, to maintain justice and working peace, to avoid insolvency of the employer, it is necessary to accept the right of intervention of judge according to the Turkish Code of Obligations article 138.
One of the main principles of contract law is pacta sund servanda. However, concuring with this principle strictly in case of hardship (which is regulated in Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 138) might be contrary to equity of contract, therefore, parties are entitled to adapt the contract in new circumstances or if not possible, they might terminate the contract. In order to apply this provision, there are four conditions, namely, emerging of an extraordinary unpredictable circumstance, this circumstance shall not stem from the debtor, the facts which are signing the contract shall be change afterward and effect the debtor's performance under good faith provison and debtor shall not fulfill his debt or shall fulfill it by reserving the right of hardship.Hardship would accepted as another subject debate in the collective labour law practice. The autonomy of collective labour agreement means that labour union and employer or employer union could draw a contract without the intervention of government. That autonomy occurs in a collective approach and bring a result that prevent any intervention of others rather than the parties of the collective labour agreement. However, to maintain justice and working peace, to avoid insolvency of the employer, it is necessary to accept the right of intervention of judge according to the Turkish Code of Obligations article 138.