Publication: Neşvânu’l Himyerî ve itikadi-siyasi mezhepleri tasnifi
Abstract
Yemen’de yetişmiş meşhur bir Zeydî âlim ve şair olan Neşvân el-Himyerî (ö. 573/ 1178), kendi döneminde Yemen’de yaygın olan mezhep, akım ve fırka mensuplarıyla fikrî tartışmalara girmiş; onlarla münazaralar yaparak Kuran’ın hükümlerine, sahih sünnete ve Selef’in yoluna tâbi olmaya davet etmiştir. Bu bağlamda Neşvân imameti, Hz. Ali, Hasan ve Hüseyin’den sonra ana akım Zeydiyye’nin aksine Hasan ve Hüseyin soyuyla sınırlandırmayıp, onlara karşı fikri mücadelesini sürdürmüştür. O, sözlü mücadele ile yetinmeyip görüşlerini pratiğe de dökerek hayatının sonlarına doğru bizzat kendi imamlığını ilan etmiştir. Neşvân el-Himyerî’ye ait olan Hûru’l-’În isimli eser, genel olarak milel ve nihal türü ve aynı zamanda ansiklopedik bilgiler içeren bir eser niteliğindedir. Eserde kadim Araplar, eski Hint, Yunan, İran din, inanç, mezhep ve fırkaları, itikadi ve felsefi akımlar, hükema ve filozoflar, şiir, aruz, dil ve edebiyat, fıkıh usül ve füruu ile ilgili çeşitli meseleler özlü olarak anlatılmaktadır. Biz, bu eser bağlamında önce yazarın genel olarak dinler ve alt kolları hakkında verdiği bilgileri değerlendirdik. Sonra İslam Mezheplerini tasnifi, onlar hakkında verdiği bilgilerin analizi, yararlandığı kaynakları, mezhepler tarihi yazıcılığı bağlamında kendisinden sonraki yazarlara etkisi gibi konuları ele aldık. Müellifin İslam mezheplerini ne şekilde ele aldığı ve diğer mezheplere bakışını; tenkit metodunu, üslubunu, mezhepleri tasnif ederken izlediği metodu, özgün yönlerini inceledik. Bu çerçevede Neşvân el-Hımyerî’nin, çağdaşlarının aksine 73 fırka yahut setefteriku şeklinde de kaynaklarda ismi geçen hadise eserinde yer vermemesi ve söz konusu hadisi tasnifinde esas almamış olması dikkate değer bir husustur. Eserin bir diğer hususiyeti de, Neşvân’ın mezhepler konusunda sık sık Mu’tezile âlimlerinden olan Ebu’l Kasım el-Belhî’den faydalandığının bilinmesidir. Buna paralel olarak müellifin Mu’tezile’yle olan ilişkisine, iki mezhebin zihniyet açısından benzerlik ve farklılıklarına da söz konusu metni merkeze alarak tezimizde değindik. Neşvân’ın eserinde gerek Belhî’nin gerek diğer mezhepler tarihi yazarlarının tasniflerinin etkili olup olmadığı hususu da tartışılmıştır. Bu manada yazarın mezhepleri tasnifi ile diğer mezhep tasniflerini mukayese ederek ve kendisinden sonraki mezhepler tarihi yazıcılığına etkisi olup-olmadığını ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Ayrıca eser, kendi yaşadığı dönemde Yemen’de Zeydilerin alt kolları ve tartışmaları konusunda verdiği bilgiler bakımından da önemlidir. Klasik mezhepler tarihi kaynaklarından olan el-Hûru’l-‘În’de mezhepleri tasnifi, metodu, özgün yönleri gibi temel özelliklerinin ortaya konulmasının, İslam düşünce tarihinde mezhepler tarihi yazıcılığının gelişim sürecinin anlaşılması bakımından literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı kanaatindeyiz.
Nashwân al-Himyarî (d.573/ 1178) was raised in Yemen. He was a famous Zaydi scholar and poet and involved in intellectual debates on secterian, movements which was very popular in Yemen during his lifetime. In these debates he called opponents to obey the orders of Qur’an, tradition and the ways of the predecessors (Salaf). In this context, contrary to the common Zaydiyya idea, Neşvân did not limit the imamate to the lineage of Hasan and Hussein while he continued to struggle against some of the Zaydiyya groups. In this regard, he made all the difference in the Zaydiyya. Nashwan not only confined himself with teoritical debates but he also practically declared himself as imam at the end of his life. Nashwân al-Himyarî’s work, which has been known as al-Hûru’l ‘în, deals with religion and sects. This work deals with the religions, sects, factions in the ancient Arab, Greek, Persian and Indian people. This work also contains brief information about philosophical and secterian movements, magisters and philosophers, poetry, prosody and literature, law, method and practice. By using this work we will analyze the author’s classification of the sects and his influence on later authors. In this study we will investigate the author’s method of evaluating and his views on the sects, his tone and his original ways. In this context it is notable that unlike his contemporaries Nashwân al Hımyarî did neither mentioned about 73 factions or (fırqa) Hadith nor classified the hadith which was about 73 sect. It is also notable that Nashwân was influenced from one of the Mutazila scholars called as Abu’l Kasım al-Ka’bî about the sects. In this dissertation his relationship with Mutazila, and the similarities and differences between two sects will be mentioned by using the aforementioned work. It will also be discussed that whether al-Ka’bî’s or other heresiographers were influential on Neashwân’s work. His classification will be compared with the classifications of other historians and we will try to answer the question that whether he was influential on the historiography of the sects. We believe that it would be an important contribution of demonstrating the classification of al-Hûru’l-în which is one of the primary sources on classical history of the sects.
Nashwân al-Himyarî (d.573/ 1178) was raised in Yemen. He was a famous Zaydi scholar and poet and involved in intellectual debates on secterian, movements which was very popular in Yemen during his lifetime. In these debates he called opponents to obey the orders of Qur’an, tradition and the ways of the predecessors (Salaf). In this context, contrary to the common Zaydiyya idea, Neşvân did not limit the imamate to the lineage of Hasan and Hussein while he continued to struggle against some of the Zaydiyya groups. In this regard, he made all the difference in the Zaydiyya. Nashwan not only confined himself with teoritical debates but he also practically declared himself as imam at the end of his life. Nashwân al-Himyarî’s work, which has been known as al-Hûru’l ‘în, deals with religion and sects. This work deals with the religions, sects, factions in the ancient Arab, Greek, Persian and Indian people. This work also contains brief information about philosophical and secterian movements, magisters and philosophers, poetry, prosody and literature, law, method and practice. By using this work we will analyze the author’s classification of the sects and his influence on later authors. In this study we will investigate the author’s method of evaluating and his views on the sects, his tone and his original ways. In this context it is notable that unlike his contemporaries Nashwân al Hımyarî did neither mentioned about 73 factions or (fırqa) Hadith nor classified the hadith which was about 73 sect. It is also notable that Nashwân was influenced from one of the Mutazila scholars called as Abu’l Kasım al-Ka’bî about the sects. In this dissertation his relationship with Mutazila, and the similarities and differences between two sects will be mentioned by using the aforementioned work. It will also be discussed that whether al-Ka’bî’s or other heresiographers were influential on Neashwân’s work. His classification will be compared with the classifications of other historians and we will try to answer the question that whether he was influential on the historiography of the sects. We believe that it would be an important contribution of demonstrating the classification of al-Hûru’l-în which is one of the primary sources on classical history of the sects.