Publication: The effects of the customs union on manufacturing industries test of import discipline hypothesis the case of appliance sector
Abstract
GÜMRÜK BİRLİĞİ’nin İMALAT SANAYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ “İTHALAT DİSİPLİN EDER ” HİPOTEZİNİN TEST EDİLMESİ BEYAZ EŞYA SANAYİ VAKA ÇALIŞMASI Klasik Ticaret Teorisinde, ülkelerin karşılaştırmalı üstünlüklerinin olduğu ürünlerin ticaretini yapmaları sonucunda, her iki ülkenin de ekonomik refahın artıracağı iddia edilmektedir. Klasik ticaret teorisi, her iki ülkede de tam rekabetçi piyasaların varolduğu varsayımına dayanmaktadır. Ancak, son yıllardaki gelişmelere bağlı olarak, klasik ticaret teorisi eksik rekabetçi piyasaları da içine alan bir değişim göstermiştir. Bu “yeni ticaret teori” si eksik rekabet piyasalarında, uygulanacak stratejik politikalarla ülkelerin tam rekabetçi piyasalarda elde edilen karlardan daha çok kar elde edileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Hükümet politikalardan biri, eksik rekabetçi piyasaların ürünlerine uygulanacak ithalat vergileridir. Bu, eksik rekabet piyasalarındaki olağanüstü karların ülkeye kaydırılmasında etkin bir politika olabilecektir. Öte yandan, yurtiçinde de bu eksik rekabet piyasa ürünlerinin ithalatında uygulanan tarifelerin kaldırılması ile artan rekabet de bu piyasalardaki olağanüstü karların disiplin edilmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu, Levinsohn tarafından “ithalatın disiplin edici etkisi” olarak adlandırmaktadır. Dünyanın pek çok bölgesinde, eksik rekabetçi piyasalarda test edilmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında da, Gümrük Birliği’nin, çok yüksek yoğunlaşmanın olduğu Türkiye beyaz eşya sanayi üzerindeki etkisi ortaya konmak istenmiştir. Yapılan analizde, Gümrük Birliği sonrasında, beyaz eşya ürünlerinin tamamında, yurtiçi fiyatlar ile ithalat miktarları arasında beklendiği gibi negatif ve anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmistir. Buna göre, Gümrük Birliği’nde her türlü tarife ve gümrük vergisinin kaldırılması sonucunda artan ithalat, Türk beyaz eşya sanayinin önde gelen dört ürünün yurtiçi fiyatlarını azaltan bir etki yaratmıştır. Yeni Ticaret Teorisi, Stratejik Ticaret Politikası, İthalatın disiplin edici etkisi, Gümrük Birliği, Beyaz Eşya Sanayi
THE EFFECTS OF CUSTOMS UNION ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TEST OF “IMPORT DISCIPLINE” HYPOTHESIS THE CASE OF APPLIANCE SECTOR Submitted by Zelha Altınkaya In the traditional trade theory, it has been argued that if countries export the products with comparative advantage, the countries gain from trade since their welfare increase. The traditional trade theory based on the assumptions of perfectly competitive markets. However, with regards to latest developments, the traditional trade theory has been challenged to include the imperfectly competitive markets. The “new trade theory” argues that the strategic policies may be more profitable in imperfectly competitive than in competitive markets. One of these policies of the government is the imposition of tariffs to the products in imperfectly competitive markets. This can be an effective policy to shift extraordinary profits in foreign markets. On the other hand, the removal of tariffs in imperfectly competitive markets may provide more competitive structure in domestic market and would discipline the extraordinary profits. Levinsohn called this as the import discipline hypothesis.This is tested in imperfectly competitive markets all over the World. In this thesis, effect of Customs Union on Turkey’s home appliance industry with high concentration ratio has been analysed. As a result of the analysis, it is found out that the relationship among domestic prices of home appliance products and the quantity of import is significant and negative as it was expected prior to study. The increasing competition due to the removal of tariffs and duties by the Customs Union on imports decreased the domestic prices of the four leading products in Turkish home appliance industry in the period between 1996 and 2005. Key Words: The New Trade Theory, Import Discipline Hypothesis,Home appliance sector, Customs Union
THE EFFECTS OF CUSTOMS UNION ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TEST OF “IMPORT DISCIPLINE” HYPOTHESIS THE CASE OF APPLIANCE SECTOR Submitted by Zelha Altınkaya In the traditional trade theory, it has been argued that if countries export the products with comparative advantage, the countries gain from trade since their welfare increase. The traditional trade theory based on the assumptions of perfectly competitive markets. However, with regards to latest developments, the traditional trade theory has been challenged to include the imperfectly competitive markets. The “new trade theory” argues that the strategic policies may be more profitable in imperfectly competitive than in competitive markets. One of these policies of the government is the imposition of tariffs to the products in imperfectly competitive markets. This can be an effective policy to shift extraordinary profits in foreign markets. On the other hand, the removal of tariffs in imperfectly competitive markets may provide more competitive structure in domestic market and would discipline the extraordinary profits. Levinsohn called this as the import discipline hypothesis.This is tested in imperfectly competitive markets all over the World. In this thesis, effect of Customs Union on Turkey’s home appliance industry with high concentration ratio has been analysed. As a result of the analysis, it is found out that the relationship among domestic prices of home appliance products and the quantity of import is significant and negative as it was expected prior to study. The increasing competition due to the removal of tariffs and duties by the Customs Union on imports decreased the domestic prices of the four leading products in Turkish home appliance industry in the period between 1996 and 2005. Key Words: The New Trade Theory, Import Discipline Hypothesis,Home appliance sector, Customs Union