Publication: Gümrükleme yöntemlerinin Türkiye'nin dış ticaretine etkileri
Abstract
Uluslararası ticaret sürekli değişen dinamik bir yapıya sahiptir. Değişen teknolojiye aynı hızla entegre olmaya çalışan ve ülkelerin ekonomik yaşamlarında önemli bir yer alan bu faaliyetlerin, devletlerin kalkınmasında ve refah seviyelerinin artmasında büyük etkisi vardır. Ülkeler dış ticaret hacimlerini artırmaya yönelik çeşitli girişimlerde bulunmaktadırlar. Dış ticaret hacmi arttıkça ülkeler arasındaki rekabet de artmaktadır. Tarifeler ve ticaretin önündeki birçok tarife dışı engel, ülkelerin bu rekabetten yararlanmak istediği araçlar haline gelmiştir. Uluslararası ticarette gümrük işlemlerinde uzun ve maliyetli prosedürler, tarife benzeri etkileri olan bir dış ticaret engelidir. Uluslararası rekabet koşullarında dezavantaja dönüşebilen bu durum aynı zaman da ticaret saptırıcı etkiye de sebep olmaktadır. İşlem maliyetlerinden biri olan gümrüklemenin önemi de böylece ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gümrük mevzuatı karmaşık, bulunduğu dönemin ihtiyacını karşılayamayan, zaman kayıplarına sebebiyet veren ve sayıca fazla belge istenen ülkelerdeki dış ticaret olumsuz etkilenirken, bunların dışında kalan ve gümrük safhasını modernize eden ülkeler ise uluslararası rekabet ortamında hedefledikleri noktaya daha kısa sürede gelmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada, dış ticaret politika araçları ve gümrük rejimleri teorik olarak tanımlanmış olup bu bilgiler ışığında gümrükleme yöntemlerinden kaynaklı firmaların katlanmak zorunda kaldıkları tarife ve tarife dışı engeller dışında kalan; keyfi ve zaman kayıplarından kaynaklı maliyet kalemlerine değinilmiştir. Böylece ithalat ve ihracatın önündeki engellere değinilerek gümrüklemenin firmalar üzerindeki maliyeti ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Son olarak da gümrük işlemlerini kolaylaştırma adına yapılan çalışmalara değinilmiş ve örnek uygulamalar ile bu maliyetlerin sonuçları gösterilmiştir.
International trade has a dynamic structure that is constantly changing. This activity, which tries to integrate into changing technology at the same speed and occupies a significant place in the economic lives of territories, has a great effect on the development of states and the increase in welfare levels. Countries are taking various initiatives to increase their foreign trade volumes. While foreign trade volumes are gradually increasing, the competition of states with each other is also increasing. In this process, many barriers to trade other than tariffs and tariffs have also become tools that states want to use this competition in their favor. Long and costly procedures in customs procedures in international trade are a foreign trade barrier with a tariff-like effect. This situation, which can turn into a disadvantage in international competition conditions, also causes a trade diversionary effect. The importance of customs clearance, which is one of the transaction costs, is thus revealed. Customs legislation is complex, which is located unable to meet the needs of the era, giving rise to a loss of time and more of them are requested document in the countries were negatively affected foreign trade and Customs in the international competitive environment phase them outside and modernized countries they came in a shorter time to the target point. In this study, foreign trade regimes and customs policy instruments are defined theoretically and in the light of this information, tariff and nontariff barriers that firms have had to endure sourced from outside of clearance methods; arbitrary and time-induced losses discusses the cost items. Thus, the cost of customs clearance on companies has been revealed by referring to the obstacles in front of imports and exports. Finally, the studies carried out on behalf of facilitating customs procedures were mentioned and the results of these costs were tried to be shown with sample applications.
International trade has a dynamic structure that is constantly changing. This activity, which tries to integrate into changing technology at the same speed and occupies a significant place in the economic lives of territories, has a great effect on the development of states and the increase in welfare levels. Countries are taking various initiatives to increase their foreign trade volumes. While foreign trade volumes are gradually increasing, the competition of states with each other is also increasing. In this process, many barriers to trade other than tariffs and tariffs have also become tools that states want to use this competition in their favor. Long and costly procedures in customs procedures in international trade are a foreign trade barrier with a tariff-like effect. This situation, which can turn into a disadvantage in international competition conditions, also causes a trade diversionary effect. The importance of customs clearance, which is one of the transaction costs, is thus revealed. Customs legislation is complex, which is located unable to meet the needs of the era, giving rise to a loss of time and more of them are requested document in the countries were negatively affected foreign trade and Customs in the international competitive environment phase them outside and modernized countries they came in a shorter time to the target point. In this study, foreign trade regimes and customs policy instruments are defined theoretically and in the light of this information, tariff and nontariff barriers that firms have had to endure sourced from outside of clearance methods; arbitrary and time-induced losses discusses the cost items. Thus, the cost of customs clearance on companies has been revealed by referring to the obstacles in front of imports and exports. Finally, the studies carried out on behalf of facilitating customs procedures were mentioned and the results of these costs were tried to be shown with sample applications.
