Publication: 27 MAYIS VE 12 EYLÜL ASKERI DARBELERININ TÜRK SINEMA SEKTÖRÜNE ETKILERI
Abstract
Genellikle dünyanın siyasal istikrar problemi yaşayan ülkelerinde görülen askeri darbelerden muzdarip olan ülkelerden biri de Türkiye'dir. Askeri vesayetin her dönem kendini hissettirdiği Türkiye'de, 27 Mayıs 1960 ve 12 Eylül 1980 Askeri Darbeleri, askerlerin bir süre yönetimi doğrudan ellerinde tutmaları, yeni anayasalar hazırlamaları, Türk siyaseti ve toplumsal yaşamına yaptıkları derin etkiler nedeniyle önemli tarihsel olaylardır. Bu askeri darbelerin siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal etkilerinin yanında Türk sineması üzerinde de derin etkileri olmuştur. 27 Mayıs Darbesi, askerler eliyle yapılan 61 Anayasası'nın nispeten liberal özellikler göstermesi nedeniyle -her ne kadar halkoyuyla gelen sivil siyasetçiler idam edilmişse de- sinema alanında olumlu etkiler bırakmıştır. Bu dönemde Türk sinemasında ilk defa çeşitli sinema akımları kendilerini gösterme imkânı bulmuş, toplumsal meseleler sinemada temsil edilmiş, üretilen film, sinemaya giden seyirci, sinema salonu, yapımevi, sinema örgütleri, sinema dergisi ve sinema kulüplerinin sayısında artış meydana gelmiştir. 12 Eylül Darbesi ise, hem öncekine göre daha sınırlı özgürlükler içeren 82 Anayasası'nın ilanından önce hem de sonrasında, sinema örgütlerinin ve sinema kulüplerinin kapatılması, film, seyirci, sinema salonu ve yapımevi sayılarının düşmesine sebep olması, sinema filmlerine, yönetmenlere ve sinema emekçilerine yasaklar getirmesi nedeniyle Türk sineması açısında olumsuz bir dönemi ifade eder. Bu dönemde toplumsal eleştiri temalı filmlerin yerini, daha bireysel konuların ele alındığı arabesk ve kadın filmleri almıştır.
Turkey is one of the countries in the world to suffer from military coups, which usually take place in countries that experience political instability. In Turkey where military tutelage has felt its presence in every era, 27 May 1960 and 12 September 1980 military coups are important historical events due to the military control over the regime for a period of time, the preparation of new constitutions and their presences that deeply affected Turkish politics and social life. In addition to their political, economic and social impacts, these military coups also deeply affected the Turkish cinema. Despite the fact that democratically elected politicians were executed in May 27 Coup, relatively liberal characteristics of the 1961 Constitution prepared after the coup by military officers paved the way for positive impacts on cinema. In this period, several film movements had the opportunity to express themselves on the screen, social issues were represented in movies and there have been increases in the numbers of audiences, cinema halls, production firms, cinema organizations, journals and clubs. September 12 Coup introduced the 82 Constitution with limited liberties compared to the previous post-coup experience. The pre-coup and postcoup period had negative impacts on Turkish cinema as it resulted in the shutting down of cinema organizations and clubs, censoring of films, directors, actors/actresses and the decrease in the number of films produced, audiences and production firms. In this period, movies with theme on social critique were replaced by individualistic ones including arabesque and women's cinema.
Turkey is one of the countries in the world to suffer from military coups, which usually take place in countries that experience political instability. In Turkey where military tutelage has felt its presence in every era, 27 May 1960 and 12 September 1980 military coups are important historical events due to the military control over the regime for a period of time, the preparation of new constitutions and their presences that deeply affected Turkish politics and social life. In addition to their political, economic and social impacts, these military coups also deeply affected the Turkish cinema. Despite the fact that democratically elected politicians were executed in May 27 Coup, relatively liberal characteristics of the 1961 Constitution prepared after the coup by military officers paved the way for positive impacts on cinema. In this period, several film movements had the opportunity to express themselves on the screen, social issues were represented in movies and there have been increases in the numbers of audiences, cinema halls, production firms, cinema organizations, journals and clubs. September 12 Coup introduced the 82 Constitution with limited liberties compared to the previous post-coup experience. The pre-coup and postcoup period had negative impacts on Turkish cinema as it resulted in the shutting down of cinema organizations and clubs, censoring of films, directors, actors/actresses and the decrease in the number of films produced, audiences and production firms. In this period, movies with theme on social critique were replaced by individualistic ones including arabesque and women's cinema.