Publication: Osmanlı Bankası’ nın kuruluşu, faaliyetleri ve Osmanlı Devleti’ nin moratoryum ilanındaki yeri (1863-1875)
Abstract
Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun toplumsal, siyasal ve ekonomik tarihinde dönüm noktasını teşkil eder. Özellikle Tanzimat'ın ilanıyla Avrupa'dan esinlenerek sözkonusu alanlarda çok sayıda reform uygulamaya konmuştur. Ancak paradoksal olarak çeşitli sahalarda tatbik edilen yeniliklerle beraber Osmanlı Devleti yine 19. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa'nın mali boyunduruğu altına girmeye başlamıştır. Dış borçlanmalarla başlayan bu süreç mali komisyonların oluşturulması ile devam etmiştir. İşte bu aşamada 4 Şubat 1863 tarihli padişah izniyle İngiliz ve Fransız sermayesinin ortaklığında Osmanlı Bankası kurulmuştur. Kuruluş sözleşmesine göre Banka, banknot basmak, hazinenin iç ve dış borçlarının anapara ve faizlerinin dışarıdaki ödemelerini üstlenmek, hazineye ihtiyaç duyduğunda cari ve açık hesaptan kredi açmak, hazineye ait gelirleri toplamak ve devletin dış piyasalarda mali ajanı olmak hakkını elde ediyordu. Tüm bu hizmetler karşılığında banka hükümetten yüksek oranlarda ücret, faiz ve komisyon alacaktı. banka faaliyetinin ilk 5 yılında İstanbul dışındaki şubelerinde ticari işlemlerden beklediği kârları elde edememiş ve çoğunlukla zarar etmiştir. Bu dönemden sonra Banka Osmanlı Devleti'nin iç ve dış borç taksitlerinin dışarıdaki alacaklılara ödenmesinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Diğer yandan Banka ile Osmanlı yönetimi arasındaki ilişkiler de karşılıklı güvensizliğe dayalı olarak seyretmiştir. Bir yandan banka hükümetin ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken hayli ihtiyatlı davranarak riske girmeden kârlarını azami kılmaya çalışırken, Osmanlı idarecileri de İngiliz ve Fransız sermayeli bu bankanın varlığı karşısında siyasi ve mali bağımsızlığına halel gelmemesine çalışarak bankanın varlığından mümkün olduğunca faydalanmaya çalışıyordu. Başta İstanbul olmak üzere, önde gelen liman kentlerinde şubeler açan Osmanlı Bankası'nın incelediğimiz dönem içinde belli başlı 4 hedefinden söz edebiliriz. 1-özel bir şirket olmasından dolayı mümkün olduğunca kârlarını maksimize kılmak, 2-Osmanlı hazinesinin kredi ihtiyacını karşılamak, 3-iç ve dış borç taksitlerini alacaklılar adına tahsil ederek dışarıya havale etmek, 4-Osmanlı Devleti'ni dünya piyasalarına entegre ederek uluslararası mal ve sermaye akışının sürekliliğini sağlamak
Ninteenth century is the turning-point in the social, political and economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in the Tanzimat period, reforms, inspired from the West, was put into practice in these field. But paradoxically at this process Ottoman state was geting into financial control of Europe in these field. Starting with foreign debts, this process continued with financial comissions. Here at this stage, with approwal of the Sultan in 4 February 1863, Bank Ottoman was built with English and French capital. According to its concession, the Bank could coin banknote, will undertake to pay the capital and interests of internal and foreign debts. It also, open to the treasury current and open account while it's necessary, collect revenues of Ottoman State and will be the financial agent of it. In return for these services, Ottoman goverment will have to pay some remuneration, interest and comission at high proportion. The Bank could'nt obtain profits which expected in the first 5 year of it's activities and generally closed with losses. After these years, Bank Ottoman turned more frequently to pay and send foriegn and internal debts of Ottoman State to the creditors. In otherway, relations between Ottoman Statıe and goverment was founded on mutual distrust. On the one part responding to the needs of the Ottoman State, Bank Ottoman was acting with precaution and was putting efforts to maximize its profits and on the other part Ottoman administrators was made efforts to take advantage of its being without causing a prejudice to politial and financial independence of the state. We can define four important aims of Bank Ottoman, which opened different branches in chief port-city, mainly one in Istanbul, in the era between 1863-75. 1-to maximize its profits, neccessarily for private company; 2-to reply to the credit needs of the Ottoman State 3-to send instalment of foreign and internal debts to the lender 4-to get contiunity the flowing of the capital and goods in the international arena, in the process of integration of Ottoman State to the world markets.
Ninteenth century is the turning-point in the social, political and economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in the Tanzimat period, reforms, inspired from the West, was put into practice in these field. But paradoxically at this process Ottoman state was geting into financial control of Europe in these field. Starting with foreign debts, this process continued with financial comissions. Here at this stage, with approwal of the Sultan in 4 February 1863, Bank Ottoman was built with English and French capital. According to its concession, the Bank could coin banknote, will undertake to pay the capital and interests of internal and foreign debts. It also, open to the treasury current and open account while it's necessary, collect revenues of Ottoman State and will be the financial agent of it. In return for these services, Ottoman goverment will have to pay some remuneration, interest and comission at high proportion. The Bank could'nt obtain profits which expected in the first 5 year of it's activities and generally closed with losses. After these years, Bank Ottoman turned more frequently to pay and send foriegn and internal debts of Ottoman State to the creditors. In otherway, relations between Ottoman Statıe and goverment was founded on mutual distrust. On the one part responding to the needs of the Ottoman State, Bank Ottoman was acting with precaution and was putting efforts to maximize its profits and on the other part Ottoman administrators was made efforts to take advantage of its being without causing a prejudice to politial and financial independence of the state. We can define four important aims of Bank Ottoman, which opened different branches in chief port-city, mainly one in Istanbul, in the era between 1863-75. 1-to maximize its profits, neccessarily for private company; 2-to reply to the credit needs of the Ottoman State 3-to send instalment of foreign and internal debts to the lender 4-to get contiunity the flowing of the capital and goods in the international arena, in the process of integration of Ottoman State to the world markets.