Publication: II. Meşrutiyet'ten Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye'de hapishane görevlileri
Abstract
XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Türkiye’de Batı Avrupalı devletler örnek alınarak modernleşme çabası içerisine girildiği görülmüştür. Söz konusu modernleşme çabasından tüm devlet kurumları olduğu kadar hapishaneler de etkilenmiştir. Hapishanelerin modernleştirilmesi sürecinde fiziki yapıların iyileştirilmesi ve mahkûmların yaşam standartlarının düzeltilmesi adına gayret gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmalarla beraber hapishanelerde bulunan görevlilerin belirli bir standartta olması adına da çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Hapishane görevlileri üzerine yapılan çalışmaları etkileyen hususlardan önde geleni, kurumların zaman içerisinde üretim alanları olması olmuştur. Bilhassa İkinci Meşrutiyet’in ilanından sonraki süreçte Osmanlı Devleti hapishanelerin üretim potansiyelini kullanabilmek ve modern hapishanelerin en önemli özelliği olan mahkûmları terbiye etmek adına bu mekânlara ehemmiyet vermiştir. Bu durum da Cumhuriyet öncesinde hapishanelerdeki görevlilerin çeşitliliğini ve donanımlarını arttırmaya fayda sağlamıştır. Aynı şekilde, 1923 yılında kurulan ve selefi olan idareden büyük bir ekonomik kriz devralan Cumhuriyet rejimi konuya aynı zihniyette bakmıştır. 1936 yılında iş esasına bağlı ilk açık cezaevinin kurulması ile birlikte, sadece mahkûmlar için değil görevliler adına da yeni bir dönem açılmıştır. Bu bakımdan, Türk Devleti, arzu ettiği üretken ceza infaz kurumlarını tüm ülkede yaymaya çalışırken; var olan ve var olacak olan ceza infaz kurumlarına yaraşır düzende cezaevi görevlileri oluşturmak adına da teşviklerde bulunmuştur. Ancak 1908-1950 yılları arasındaki süreçte, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşanan siyasi, sosyal, askeri ve ekonomik hadiseler hapishanelere olan yatırıma sekte vurmuş; haliyle arzu edilen hapishaneler ve hapishanelerin içerisindeki görevlilerin durumunda çok büyük bir gelişme yaşanmamıştır
In the first half of the 19th century, it was observed that Turkey was trying to modernize by taking Western European states as an example. Prisons, as well as all other state institutions, were also affected by this modernization effort.During the modernization process of prisons, efforts were made to improve the physical structures and improve the living standards of the prisoners. Along with these studies, efforts have also been made to ensure that the officers in prisons meet a certain standard.The most important issue affecting the studies on prison officers is that institutions have become production areas over time. Especially in the period after the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, the Ottoman Empire gave importance to these places in order to use the production potential of prisons and to train the prisoners, which is the most important feature of modern prisons. This situation helped to increase the diversity and equipment of the officers in prisons before the establishment of the republican regime in Turkey in 1923.Likewise, the republican regime, which was established in 1923 and inherited a major economic crisis from its predecessor, viewed the issue with the same mentality. With the establishment of the first open prison on a work basis in 1936, a new era opened not only for the inmates but also for the officers. In this regard, while the Turkish State is trying to spread the productive penal institutions it desires throughout the country; it also gave incentives to create prison officers in a manner befitting the existing and future penal institutions.However, in the period between 1908 and 1950, the political, social, military and economic events experienced in the world and Turkey have affected the investment in prisons; as a result, there has not been a great improvement in the situation of the prisons and prison staff.
In the first half of the 19th century, it was observed that Turkey was trying to modernize by taking Western European states as an example. Prisons, as well as all other state institutions, were also affected by this modernization effort.During the modernization process of prisons, efforts were made to improve the physical structures and improve the living standards of the prisoners. Along with these studies, efforts have also been made to ensure that the officers in prisons meet a certain standard.The most important issue affecting the studies on prison officers is that institutions have become production areas over time. Especially in the period after the declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy, the Ottoman Empire gave importance to these places in order to use the production potential of prisons and to train the prisoners, which is the most important feature of modern prisons. This situation helped to increase the diversity and equipment of the officers in prisons before the establishment of the republican regime in Turkey in 1923.Likewise, the republican regime, which was established in 1923 and inherited a major economic crisis from its predecessor, viewed the issue with the same mentality. With the establishment of the first open prison on a work basis in 1936, a new era opened not only for the inmates but also for the officers. In this regard, while the Turkish State is trying to spread the productive penal institutions it desires throughout the country; it also gave incentives to create prison officers in a manner befitting the existing and future penal institutions.However, in the period between 1908 and 1950, the political, social, military and economic events experienced in the world and Turkey have affected the investment in prisons; as a result, there has not been a great improvement in the situation of the prisons and prison staff.