Publication: İslâm hukuku açısından tüzel kişilik ve sınırlı sorumluluk
Abstract
Bu çalışma, temel olarak tüzel kişilik ve sınırlı sorumluluk kavramlarına odaklanmakta ve bu kavramları İslâm hukuku perspektifinde incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Tüzel kişilik, kökenleri daha eskiye dayandırılsa da kavram olarak 19. yüzyılda hukuk tekniğinin bir icadı olarak birtakım sosyal, ekonomik ve teknik gereksinimler neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Söz konusu ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda, fertlerden veya malvarlıklarından bağımsız, ancak onları temsil eden dernek, vakıf ve şirket gibi insan dışı hukuk özneleri teşekkül etmiştir. Hukuk literatüründe insan dışı varlıklara hukukî kişilik tanınıp tanınmaması meselesi, günümüzde yapay zekâya sahip robotların hukukî kişiliğe sahip olup olamayacağı tartışmalarına kadar ilerlemiştir. Ayrıca tüzel kişilik kavramının kabul edilmesinde sorumluluğun sınırlandırılması fikri de önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Tüzel kişi, onu oluşturan kişilerden bağımsız bir malvarlığına sahip olup ayrılık ilkesine göre bir birey, hukuk sahnesine iki farklı malvarlığıyla çıkabilmekte; birini riske atarken diğerini koruma altına alabilmektedir. Fakat aralarında bir mülâzemet ilişkisi olmadığından sınırlı sorumluluk özelliği tüm tüzel kişilik türlerinde bulunmamakta, yalnızca kâr amacı güden sermaye şirketlerinde söz konusu olabilmektedir. Tüzel kişilik ve sınırlı sorumluluk kavramları, Batı hukuk sistemlerinde ortaya çıkışlarından kısa bir süre sonra İslâm ülkelerinde de etkisini göstermiş ve konu hakkında çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak yapılan çalışmaların çoğu tüzel kişilik kavramına yoğunlaşmış, sınırlı sorumluluk ilkesine yeterince temas edilmemiştir. Tez, klasik fıkıh eserlerinden hareketle tüzel kişilikle birlikte sınırlı sorumluluk kavramına odaklanarak iki kavramın izlerini sürmekte ve diğer çalışmalardan bu noktada ayrılmaktadır. Tezde gerçekleştirilen analizler neticesinde, tüzel kişilik ve sınırlı sorumluluk olgularının kavramsal düzeyde olmasa da mefhum olarak klasik fıkıh literatüründe yer aldığı tespit edilmiş olup bu sonuç, özellikle şirketler ve me’zun müessesesi gibi yapılar üzerinden temellendirilmiştir.
This study primarily focuses on the concepts of legal personality and limited liability and aims to analyze these concepts from the perspective of Islamic law. Although the origins of legal personality can be traced back to a much earlier period, it emerged as an invention of legal technology in the 19th century as a result of certain social, economic and technical requirements. In response to these needs, non-human legal entities such as associations, foundations, and companies, which are independent of but represent individuals or assets have been formed. In legal literature, the issue of whether to recognize legal personality for non-human entities has advanced to the contemporary debates about whether robots with artificial intelligence can possess legal personality. In addition, the idea of limitation of liability played an important role in the acceptance of the concept of legal personality. According to this principle of separation, an individual may appear on the legal scene with two different assets, risking one and protecting the other. However, since there is no relationship of mutuality between them, limited liability is not found in all types of legal entities, but only in profit-seeking capital companies. The concepts of legal personality and limited liability had an impact on Islamic countries shortly after their emergence in Western legal systems, and various studies were conducted on this subject. Yet, most of these studies have focused on the concept of legal personality, and the principle of limited liability has not been sufficiently addressed. This thesis distinguishes itself from other works by focusing on both the concept of legal personality and the notion of limited liability, tracing their presence in classical Islamic jurisprudence. Through the analyses conducted in this thesis, it has been determined that the concepts of legal personality and limited liability are present in classical fiqh literature, even if not at the conceptual level. This conclusion is particularly substantiated through the structures of companies and institutions such as the abd ma’dhūn (authorized slave).
This study primarily focuses on the concepts of legal personality and limited liability and aims to analyze these concepts from the perspective of Islamic law. Although the origins of legal personality can be traced back to a much earlier period, it emerged as an invention of legal technology in the 19th century as a result of certain social, economic and technical requirements. In response to these needs, non-human legal entities such as associations, foundations, and companies, which are independent of but represent individuals or assets have been formed. In legal literature, the issue of whether to recognize legal personality for non-human entities has advanced to the contemporary debates about whether robots with artificial intelligence can possess legal personality. In addition, the idea of limitation of liability played an important role in the acceptance of the concept of legal personality. According to this principle of separation, an individual may appear on the legal scene with two different assets, risking one and protecting the other. However, since there is no relationship of mutuality between them, limited liability is not found in all types of legal entities, but only in profit-seeking capital companies. The concepts of legal personality and limited liability had an impact on Islamic countries shortly after their emergence in Western legal systems, and various studies were conducted on this subject. Yet, most of these studies have focused on the concept of legal personality, and the principle of limited liability has not been sufficiently addressed. This thesis distinguishes itself from other works by focusing on both the concept of legal personality and the notion of limited liability, tracing their presence in classical Islamic jurisprudence. Through the analyses conducted in this thesis, it has been determined that the concepts of legal personality and limited liability are present in classical fiqh literature, even if not at the conceptual level. This conclusion is particularly substantiated through the structures of companies and institutions such as the abd ma’dhūn (authorized slave).
Description
Keywords
Roma hukuku, İslâmî şirketler, Modern şirketler, Tüzel kişilik, Sınırlı sorumluluk, Me’zun köle, Peculium, Roman law, Islamic companies, Modern, companies, Legal entity, Limited liability, Authorized slave, Peculium.