Publication: TÜRK ÖLÜ GÖMME GELENEKLERİNDE DOKUMANIN ÖNEMİ VE İKONOGRAFİK ÇÖZÜMÜ
Abstract
Düz Dokuma yaygılar Türk ölü gömme adetlerinde oldukça önemlibir yer tutmaktadır. Halk arasında ölümlük-dirimlik, ahretlik, sargıhalısı/kilimi olarak adlandırılan dokumalar cenaze üzerine serilen,mezarlık dönüşü de camiye bağışlanan yaygılardır. Bunlar hiçbir şekildealınıp, satılmaz. Adeta bir çeyiz malzemesi gibi yaşlılar tarafından kefenbezi ile sandıkta muhafaza edilirdi. Ölümlük halılar, yakın zamana kadarAnadolu'nun hemen hemen her yöresinde özenle uygulanan ölümgeleneklerinden biridir. Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Bergama gibi Batı Anadolu,Niğde, Kırşehir gibi Orta Anadolu ve Van, Bitlis, Hakkâri gibi DoğuAnadolu bölgesinde uzun bir süre varlığını sürdüren bu gelenek, OrtaAsya Türk dünyasında da kendini göstermektedir. ÖzellikleTürkmenler'de "Pışbağalı Halı" olarak adlandırılan dokuma, bu amacahizmet eden bir dokumadır. Pışbağa yani kaplumbağa uzun ve sağlıklıbir ömrün simgesi olarak bilinmektedir. Ayrıca devletin egemenliğini,gücünü ve kudretini de sembolize eder. Kaplumbağa bu bağlamdahanedan sembolü olarak kabul görmüştür. Nitekim Göktürk taşyontularının kaidesinde de sıklıkla kullanılan bir figür olarak Türksüsleme sanatındaki yerini almıştır. Türklerde ve Çinlilerde kutlu birhayvan olarak nitelendirilen ve astrolojik bir simge olarak bilinenkaplumbağa figürü, İç ve Orta Asya’dan Anadolu’ya kadar uzanan birsüsleme ögesidir. Bu makalede ölümlük-dirimlik dokumalar üzerindedurularak, bunların motif ve kompozisyon düzeni ile ikonografikçözümleri mukayeseli olarak irdelenecektir.
Plain weave rugs occupy a significant place in funeral rites traditions of the Turks. Known colloquially as ölümlük-dirimlik (‘life and death fabric’), ahretlik (‘afterlife fabric’), and sargı halısı/kilimi (‘wrapping rug/kilim’), these fabrics were used to cover mortal remains. They were often donated to the mosque following the return from the burial and they were under no circumstances bought or sold. The fabrics were kept by old people together with the shroud in their dowry chest almost as if they were part of their dowry. Until recently the death rugs were meticulously observed customs in nearly all of Anatolia. The tradition was sustained over many years in places like Balıkesir, Çanakkale and Bergama in western Anatolia, in Niğde and Kırşehir in central Anatolia and in Van, Bitlis and Hakkari in eastern Anatolia, and it also shows up among the Turkic peoples in Central Asia. The Turkmens’ so-called pışbağalı halı is a rug peculiar to this purpose. Pışbağa means tortoise, which symbolizes a long and healthy life. Besides, it represents the supremacy, strength, wealth and prosperity of the State. Turtle, in the sense, has been cited as a dynastic symbol. Hence the figure that frequently was used on the plinths of the Göktürk stone carvings also appears in Turkish decorative art. The turtle figure, regarded as a sacred animal and an astrological symbol, is used for decorative purposes from Central to Minor Asia. This article will focus on the ölümlük-dirimlik fabrics, and explore and compare their motifs, compositions and iconographic solutions.
Plain weave rugs occupy a significant place in funeral rites traditions of the Turks. Known colloquially as ölümlük-dirimlik (‘life and death fabric’), ahretlik (‘afterlife fabric’), and sargı halısı/kilimi (‘wrapping rug/kilim’), these fabrics were used to cover mortal remains. They were often donated to the mosque following the return from the burial and they were under no circumstances bought or sold. The fabrics were kept by old people together with the shroud in their dowry chest almost as if they were part of their dowry. Until recently the death rugs were meticulously observed customs in nearly all of Anatolia. The tradition was sustained over many years in places like Balıkesir, Çanakkale and Bergama in western Anatolia, in Niğde and Kırşehir in central Anatolia and in Van, Bitlis and Hakkari in eastern Anatolia, and it also shows up among the Turkic peoples in Central Asia. The Turkmens’ so-called pışbağalı halı is a rug peculiar to this purpose. Pışbağa means tortoise, which symbolizes a long and healthy life. Besides, it represents the supremacy, strength, wealth and prosperity of the State. Turtle, in the sense, has been cited as a dynastic symbol. Hence the figure that frequently was used on the plinths of the Göktürk stone carvings also appears in Turkish decorative art. The turtle figure, regarded as a sacred animal and an astrological symbol, is used for decorative purposes from Central to Minor Asia. This article will focus on the ölümlük-dirimlik fabrics, and explore and compare their motifs, compositions and iconographic solutions.