Publication: Türk matbuatında kûfi yazı
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04.07.2023
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Hat sanatında icra edilen Arap yazısı ve kökeni konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Arap yazısının kaynağına dair olarak Kuzey Arabistan’da Ârâmîce konuşan Nabâtîlerin kullandığı yuvarlak karakterli yazıdan türediği ve yaygınlaşmasında Fenikelilerin yoğun ticari faaliyetlerinin etkisi olduğu görüşü öne çıkmaktadır. Asr-ı saadette gayri resmî işlerde kullanılan bu yazı türüne “Şami” adı verilmiştir. Bununla birlikte o zamanlar resmî yazışmalarda köşeli bir karaktere sahip olan “Ma‘kılî” yazı bir diğer adı ile “Hicazi” yazı kullanılmıştır. Düz ve köşeli hatları olan Ma‘kılî yazı, resmî işlerde ve Mushaf yazımında zorlukla yazılabildiği için bir takım çalışmalar yapma yoluna gidilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Şamî yazının yuvarlak hatları ile Hicazi yazının düz hatları birleştirilerek İslamiyet’in ilk yıllarında kullanılan yeni bir yazı türü elde edilmiştir. Küfe şehri fethedildikten sonra Mushaf yazımının burada devam etmesi ve Mushafların diğer Müslüman ülkelere gönderilmesi sonucunda yeni yazının adı “Kûfi” olarak yaygınlık kazanmıştır. X. yüzyıla kadar özellikle Mushaf yazımında görülen Kûfi yazı, sonraki yüzyıllarda mimari tezyinatta da sıklıkla kullanılmıştır.Kûfî yazı, Anadolu’da ilk olarak Selçuklu mimari ve yazılı eserleriyle belirmeye başlamıştır. Osmanlı tarihi içinde kûfî yazı ile ilgili araştırmalar incelendiğinde, Timur’un Anadolu seferinden dönerken beraberinde Herat’a getirdiği Osmanlı sanatkârlarından bahsedilmektedir. Sanatkârlar bir süre sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin baş şehri Bursa’ya döndüklerinde ilk olarak burada inşa ettikleri mimari yapılarda uygulamaya başlamalarıyla birlikte Osmanlı devletinde ilk Kûfi yazı örnekleriyle karşılaşılmaktadır.Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş yıllarında Kûfi yazı Bursa, Edirne, İznik mimarisi ve çinilerinde görülürken, yönetim merkezinin İstanbul’a taşınmasından sonra mimârî alanda giderek azalmıştır. Bu dönemde yetişen Şeyh Hamdullah ve takipçileriyle birlikte Osmanlı hat sanatında “Celi Sülüs” yazı türü yaygınlaşmış, sanat ve mimari alanında en sık kullanılan yazı türü haline gelmiştir.Osmanlı Devleti’nde 16. yy. ile 19. yy. sonlarına kadar Kûfi yazı kullanımı sınırlı kalmıştır. Kûfi yazı kullanımı 1863 senesinde yapımı tamamlanan Kağıthane Sadabad Camii mihrap yazısı ile üç asır aradan sonra tekrar görülmeye başlamıştır. 19. yy. son döneminde yazar, matbaacı ve sanatkâr olan Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik Bey Kûfi yazıyı, mimarî, tezyinât, tekstil, mobilya, yayıncılık gibi farklı alanlarda uygulayarak, o devirde matbaacılık ve hat sanatında yeni gelişmelere öncülük etmiştir. Bu çalışmada 19. ve 20. yy. arasında Osmanlı Devleti bünyesinde yaşamış ve çalışmalarında Kûfi yazı kullanan kişilerin biyografileri ve Kûfi yazı türünde yaptıkları eserler incelenecektir. Osmanlı devletinin son yüzyılında uygulanan Kûfi yazı kaynağı araştırılacaktır. 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı devletinde Kûfi yazı, başta matbaa olmak üzere halıcılık, ambalaj, paket sanayi ve tüketim ürünleri gibi birçok alanda kullanılmıştır. Halı, diploma, pul, kâğıt para, kitap mührü, firma logoları, fotoğraf kapakları, banka senetleri, tütün kutuları, eğitim kurumu belgeleri ve çeşitli kurumların evrakları Kûfi yazı kullanımına dair karşılaştığımız alanlardan bir kaçıdır.Bu araştırmanın sonucunda, Osmanlı imlasının geçerli olduğu matbuat tarihinde Kûfi yazının hangi alanlarda ve hangi amaçlarla kullanıldığı sorusuna cevap bulunmuştur.Kûfi yazı Osmanlı imlasının geçerli olduğu devrede basın ve yayıncılık alanında birçok kitap, gazete, mecmua ve takvimin kapağında başlık yazısı olarak kullanılmıştır. Tüketim ürünlerinde ise, birçok tütün kutusu, tütün kağıdı, fotoğraf kartı, posta kartı, reklam afişleri, amblem, logo ve armalarda kullanılmıştır. Kûfi yazı, Osmanlı imlasının geçerli olduğu devrede birçok resmi evraklarda da kullanılmıştır. Bu ürünlerin başlıcaları Türkiye Cumhuriyeti pasoları, tapu kağıtları, kağıt para, pul, antetli kağıt ve eğitim için düzenlenen evraklardır.
There are different opinions about the Arabic script and its origin in calligraphy. Regarding the source of the Arabic script, the opinion that it is derived from the round character script used by the Aramaic-speaking Nabataeans in North Arabia and that the Phoenicians' intense commercial activities have an impact on its spread comes to the fore. This type of writing, which was used in informal works in the Age of Bliss, was called \"Şami\". However, \"Ma'kılî\" script, which had an angular character in official correspondence at that time, was used with its other name, \"Hijazi\" script. Since the Ma'kılî script, which has straight and angular lines, can be written with difficulty in official works and in the writing of the Mushaf, a number of studies have been made. As a result of the studies, a new type of writing used in the first years of Islam was obtained by combining the round lines of the Shamian script and the straight lines of the Hijazi script. After the conquest of the city of Kufa, the name of the new writing became widespread as \"Kûfi\", as the writing of the Mushaf continued here and the Mushafs were sent to other Muslim countries. Kufic script, which was seen especially in Mushaf writing until the 10th century, was also frequently used in architectural decoration in the following centuries.Kufic script first appeared in Anatolia with Seljuk architecture and written works. When the studies on kufic writing in Ottoman history are examined, it is mentioned that the Ottoman craftsmen that Timur brought to Herat while returning from the Anatolian expedition. When the craftsmen returned to Bursa, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, after a while, the first examples of Kufic writing were encountered in the Ottoman state, as they first started to apply it in the architectural structures they built here.While the Kufic script was seen in the architecture and tiles of Bursa, Edirne and Iznik during the founding years of the Ottoman Empire, it gradually decreased in the architectural field after the administrative center was moved to Istanbul. In this period, together with Sheikh Hamdullah and his followers, the \"Celi Thulus\" writing type became widespread in Ottoman calligraphy and became the most frequently used writing type in the field of art and architecture.16th century in the Ottoman Empire. with the 19th century. The use of Kufic script remained limited until the end of the year. The use of Kufic script started to be seen again after three centuries with the altar script of the Kağıthane Sadabad Mosque, the construction of which was completed in 1863. 19th century Ebüzziya Mehmed Tevfik Bey, who was a writer, printer and artist in his last period, pioneered new developments in printing and calligraphy at that time by applying Kufi writing in different fields such as architecture, decoration, textile, furniture and publishing.In this study, 19th and 20th centuries. In this study, the biographies of the people who lived in the Ottoman Empire and used Kufic writing in their works and the works they made in the Kufic script will be examined. The source of Kufic writing, which was applied in the last century of the Ottoman state, will be researched. In the 19th century, Kufic writing was used in many areas such as printing, carpet making, packaging, package industry and consumer products in the Ottoman state. Carpets, diplomas, stamps, paper money, book seals, company logos, photo covers, bank bills, tobacco boxes, educational institution documents and documents of various institutions are some of the areas we encounter regarding the use of Kufic writing.As a result of this research, an answer was found to the question in which areas and for what purposes the Kufic script was used in the press history, when the Ottoman orthography was valid.Kufic script was used as a headline on the covers of many books, newspapers, magazines and calendars in the field of press and publishing in the period when the Ottoman spelling was valid. In consumer products, it is used in many tobacco boxes, tobacco paper, photo cards, post cards, advertising posters, emblems, logos and badges. Kufic script was also used in many official documents during the Ottoman spelling. The main ones of these products are Republic of Turkey passes, title deed papers, paper money, stamps, letterhead and documents issued for education.
There are different opinions about the Arabic script and its origin in calligraphy. Regarding the source of the Arabic script, the opinion that it is derived from the round character script used by the Aramaic-speaking Nabataeans in North Arabia and that the Phoenicians' intense commercial activities have an impact on its spread comes to the fore. This type of writing, which was used in informal works in the Age of Bliss, was called \"Şami\". However, \"Ma'kılî\" script, which had an angular character in official correspondence at that time, was used with its other name, \"Hijazi\" script. Since the Ma'kılî script, which has straight and angular lines, can be written with difficulty in official works and in the writing of the Mushaf, a number of studies have been made. As a result of the studies, a new type of writing used in the first years of Islam was obtained by combining the round lines of the Shamian script and the straight lines of the Hijazi script. After the conquest of the city of Kufa, the name of the new writing became widespread as \"Kûfi\", as the writing of the Mushaf continued here and the Mushafs were sent to other Muslim countries. Kufic script, which was seen especially in Mushaf writing until the 10th century, was also frequently used in architectural decoration in the following centuries.Kufic script first appeared in Anatolia with Seljuk architecture and written works. When the studies on kufic writing in Ottoman history are examined, it is mentioned that the Ottoman craftsmen that Timur brought to Herat while returning from the Anatolian expedition. When the craftsmen returned to Bursa, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, after a while, the first examples of Kufic writing were encountered in the Ottoman state, as they first started to apply it in the architectural structures they built here.While the Kufic script was seen in the architecture and tiles of Bursa, Edirne and Iznik during the founding years of the Ottoman Empire, it gradually decreased in the architectural field after the administrative center was moved to Istanbul. In this period, together with Sheikh Hamdullah and his followers, the \"Celi Thulus\" writing type became widespread in Ottoman calligraphy and became the most frequently used writing type in the field of art and architecture.16th century in the Ottoman Empire. with the 19th century. The use of Kufic script remained limited until the end of the year. The use of Kufic script started to be seen again after three centuries with the altar script of the Kağıthane Sadabad Mosque, the construction of which was completed in 1863. 19th century Ebüzziya Mehmed Tevfik Bey, who was a writer, printer and artist in his last period, pioneered new developments in printing and calligraphy at that time by applying Kufi writing in different fields such as architecture, decoration, textile, furniture and publishing.In this study, 19th and 20th centuries. In this study, the biographies of the people who lived in the Ottoman Empire and used Kufic writing in their works and the works they made in the Kufic script will be examined. The source of Kufic writing, which was applied in the last century of the Ottoman state, will be researched. In the 19th century, Kufic writing was used in many areas such as printing, carpet making, packaging, package industry and consumer products in the Ottoman state. Carpets, diplomas, stamps, paper money, book seals, company logos, photo covers, bank bills, tobacco boxes, educational institution documents and documents of various institutions are some of the areas we encounter regarding the use of Kufic writing.As a result of this research, an answer was found to the question in which areas and for what purposes the Kufic script was used in the press history, when the Ottoman orthography was valid.Kufic script was used as a headline on the covers of many books, newspapers, magazines and calendars in the field of press and publishing in the period when the Ottoman spelling was valid. In consumer products, it is used in many tobacco boxes, tobacco paper, photo cards, post cards, advertising posters, emblems, logos and badges. Kufic script was also used in many official documents during the Ottoman spelling. The main ones of these products are Republic of Turkey passes, title deed papers, paper money, stamps, letterhead and documents issued for education.
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Keywords
Kûfi, Hat, Hat sanatı, Sanat, İslam, İslam sanatı, Yazı, Dekoratif, Bitkisel, Natürel, Ma‘kılî, Mağrib, Herat, Köşeli, Tezyinî Kûfi, Köşeli Kûfi, Örgülü Kûfi, Düğümlü Kûfi, Geçmeli Kûfi.
Kûfic, Calligraphy, Art, Islam, Islamic art, Writing, Decorative, Herbal, Natural, Maquis, Floriate, Floriated, Kûfic, Majestic, Herat, Maghrib, Meshrikh, Fatımid Kûfic, Ma‘kılî, Psuedo Kûfic, Knotted Kûfic, Plaited Kûfic, Interlaced Kûfic.